Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular degeneration) is an uncommon disorder of copper metabolism, characterised by excessive copper deposition in the liver, brain and eyes. Psychiatric symptoms were prominent in eight of the twelve patients originally described by Wilson some 88 years ago. Since then a wide range of psychiatric presentations have been documented including behavioural disturbances, affective psychoses, schizophrenia-like psychoses, intellectual deterioration and dementia. Here we describe a patient who presented with a psychiatric disturbance, was treated with neuroleptic medication and subsequently developed Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS).
Background: Prospective renal donors are a select population of healthy individuals who have been thoroughly screened for significant comorbidities before they undergo multi-detector computed tomography angiography and urography (MDCT). Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe the anatomy of potential living renal donor subjects using MDCT over a 2-year period. The primary objective is to identify the renal arterial anatomy variations, with a secondary objective of identifying venous and collecting system/ureteric variations. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was performed of prospective living kidney transplant donors at a national kidney transplant centre. Study inclusion criteria were all potential kidney donors who underwent MDCT during the living-donor assessment process over a 2-year period. Results: Our cohort included 160 potential living donors who had MDCT; mean age was 45.6 years (range, 21-71). Two renal arteries were identified on the left in 40 subjects (25%) and on the right in 42 subjects (26.3%). A total of 3 or more renal arteries were identified on the left in 7 subjects (4.4%) and on the right in 7 subjects (4.4%). On the left, the distances between multiple arteries ranged from 1 mm to 43 mm, and on the right, they were 1 mm to 84 mm. Conclusions: Conventionally described anatomy was only seen on the left side in 70.6% and 69.4% on the right side of subjects. Single renal arteries are seen in 54.4% showing that conventional anatomy has a relatively low incidence.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.