Expression of the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolC gene in Panax ginseng callus cells results in formation of tumors that are capable to form roots. The selection of non-root forming tumor clusters yielded the embryogenic 2c3 callus line, which formed somatic embryos and shoots independently of external growth factors. Although the 2c3 somatic embryos developed through a typical embryogenesis process, they terminated prematurely and repeatedly formed adventitious shoot meristems and embryo-like structures. A part of the shoots and somatic embryos formed enlarged and fasciated meristems. This is the first indication of the rolC gene embryogenic effect and, to our knowledge, the first indication that a single gene of non-plant origin can induce somatic embryogenesis in plants.

The propagule development in two viviparous Bryophyllum species: B. daigremontianum and B. calycinum (Crassulaceae) has been found to proceed via embryoidogenesis (somatic embryo). In both species, all propagule organs arise from the dormant meristem derivatives, but there are morphogenetic differences at the latest developmental stages (in adventitious root initiation). In both species, the propagule genesis proceeds through the "globular", heartshaped and torpedoshaped stages. Comparative morphological and embryological analysis of propagules in the species in question and sexual embryos revealed a strong similarity in their developmental patterns not with standing their morphological variability. It has been suggested that two Bryophyllum species carry the "dormancy" gene. The present study has confirmed that vegetative propagules of the flowering plants can be either embryoids or buds

The article examines the negative changes in the Indian economy since the beginning of 2020 under the pressure of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures to overcome them. The increase in the number of cases, the introduction of quarantine led to a rapid reduction in production, mass unemployment, and a decrease in the country’s GDP. In the current emergency conditions, it became an objective necessity to increase the impact on the situation of the nation state in various forms. It took dramatic changes in the economic policy of India of the previous period, when the position of private entrepreneurship was significantly strengthened, especially in industry and services. The COVID-19 pandemic forced the government of the country, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, to tackle the primary challenge - to keep the country from sliding into total prolonged stagnation and at the same time to support a multimillion poverty-stricken population. The main method of the government was the policy of financial saturation of the economy through direct financial injections, as well as the direct distribution of money and food in kind among the poor. The collapse of economic activity in India in the first half of 2020 was replaced in the third quarter of this year by signs of some economic recovery. For India, according to UNCTAD, in 2021, the opportunity to attract significant foreign investment from the leading countries of the world, interested in expanding their positions in its huge domestic market, is increasing. In the context of the pandemic, India’s role in revitalizing, at the initiative of N. Modi, political and economic contacts in South Asia between SAARC members became especially significant.

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The introduction and expansion of the use of e-learning systems (ELS) in the higher education system has made the educational resources of universities more accessible, interactive and effective for students. The growth in the number of users and the amount of data in the system leads to a number of technical and pedagogical problems. These include insufficient orientation to cognition and the lack of adequate pedagogical support for the needs of students. This leads to an increase in cognitive load and an increase in the dependence of learning success on the external motivation of students. The article presents some results of the study of the problem of developing a pedagogical model to expand the context of adult education in the higher education system, conducted by the author in 2021-2023. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and practical aspects of the model in terms of design and development of the ELS structure. The author conducted a critical analysis of the literature on the problem of using ICT to improve e-learning services. Modern e-learning systems, elements of their architecture, and problems of use in order to improve e-learning are systematized. The role of cognitive schemas and knowledge maps in the design and development of ELS is analyzed. The requirements for ELS based on knowledge mapping and the main elements of its structure have been developed. Using the results of this study in the process of designing and developing ELS will reduce the cognitive load of students and the number of refusals from the course, as well as increase the level of satisfaction with e-learning.