Oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa. The etiological role of Candida in leukoplakia has been a subject of debate in recent years. Candida invasion has been suggested to be a significant risk factor for malignant transformation of OL and also it may be associated with certain clinical characteristics such as lesion type, size, and site, dysplasia, and tobacco use. Several studies showed that the greater risk of malignant change in women than men. Finally, the management of this common condition remains a variable and includes local, topical, and systemic therapies such as anti-oxidants, carotenoids, and antifungal therapies.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial genetic disorder, and studies have found that it affects the salivary gland function and levels of micronutrients. Objective: Objective of the study was to assess the Doppler ultrasonographic (USG) changes of major salivary glands in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and to correlate it with the quantity of salivary secretion and serum magnesium levels. Methods: A total of 90 patients diagnosed with Type II diabetes mellitus were categorized into three groups of 30 each, namely, Group A (well controlled), Group B (moderately controlled), and Group C (poorly controlled) based on the HbA1c levels and 30 normal individuals were included as controls. Doppler ultrasonography was used to assess the horizontal and vertical dimensions and vascularity of major salivary glands. The measurements were compared with salivary quantity and serum magnesium levels. Results: The mean vertical and horizontal dimensions of parotid glands were 4.1 ± 0.3, 4.2 ± 0.3 cm (Group A), 4.4 ± 0.4, 4 ± 0.5 cm (Group B), 4.7 ± 0.5, 4 ± 0.5 cm (Group C), respectively, and 3.1 ± 0.3, 2.9 ±0.3 cm in controls. The range of mean value of submandibular gland was 2.5 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.3 cm (Group A), 2.9 ± 0.3, 2.9 ± 0.3 cm (Group B), and 3 ± 0.1*2.9 ± 0.2 cm (Group C) while 2.7 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.1 cm in controls which was highly significant with P value of < 0.01. The mean values of salivary flow in Groups A, B, C were 0.35 ± 0.15, 0.37 ± 0.16, and 0.2 ± 0.12, respectively, and that of controls were 0.38 ± 0.15 ml/min. Magnesium levels were 1.83 ± 0.3 mg/dl, 1.25 ± 0.32 mg/dl, and 1.13 ± 0.37 mg/dl in Groups A, B, C, respectively, and that of controls were 1.83 ± 0.3 mg/dl. Serum magnesium and salivary flow had highly significant correlation values with ultrasonographic changes in Group C compared with Groups A and B. Conclusion: To conclude, increased HbA1c levels were associated with increased USG measurements of major salivary glands and decreased levels of serum magnesium and salivary flow.

The patients were selected by randomized sampling method for a time period of 1 year. Patients who reported with orofacial pain in the outpatient department of Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences and Mahatma Gandhi Medical Hospital were enrolled in the study and were explained about the study, the pain questionnaire, and the pain scales. Patient's consent was obtained in English/Vernacular language. Further, the participants were sent for preliminary examination by an experienced oral medicine Abstract Background: Pain is a significant discomfort faced by the majority of people with orofacial disorders. This study was aimed at assessing nature of pain using different pain skills among population suffering from non-odontogenic orofacial pain. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of non-odontogenic pain and characterize the nature of non-odontogenic pain at the outpatient department of Mahatma Gandhi Medical Hospital and Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences. Method: Patients were selected by randomized sampling method for a period of 1 year. Patients diagnosed with non-odontogenic orofacial pain were asked to fill pain questionnaires to analyze the intensity and quality of the pain. The obtained results were subjected to percentage analysis. Results: A total of 1515 patients reported with non-odontogenic orofacial pain, with male to female ratio of 2.08:1.03. The majority of patients reported pain due to temporomandibular joint/musculoskeletal disorders, followed by non-odontogenic oral pain conditions such as headache and neuralgic pain conditions, sinusitis, ear-related disorders, throat-and neck-related disorders, and psychogenic pain conditions. The intensity and quality of pain differed from each condition. Conclusion: Multiple scales to measure the intensity of pain, and McGill pain questionnaire to analyze the quality and character of pain gives a fair idea about the patient's quality of life, providing baseline information about non-odontogenic orofacial pain.