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Conclusions:Study showed high compliance with international recommendations regarding screening for LTBI in HIV infected patients. It showed over two third of patients received prophylactic therapy. As TB continues to be a major threat to HIV infected patients all efforts should be taken for prevention.

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Background and purpose: Molluscs-associated infections represent a major health challenge in food production systems as well as a significant zoonosis problem globally. The development and transfer of multiple-antibiotic resistance genes in Gram-negative bacteria to human pathogens have been the cause of treatment failures with antimicrobials and a growing concern worldwide. This study sought to investigate the occurrence of multi-drug resistant Paenacaligenes sp. UN24 isolated from bivalve-molluscs in Douglas Creek, Nigeria.Method: A total of 150 (80 clams and 70 oysters) were investigated for the presence of pathogenic bacteria using standard bacterial culture methods. Isolates were identified presumptively using phenotypic methods and confirmed by DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. The organisms were screened for antibiotic resistance with 13 antibiotics namely; nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, amikacin, cotrimoxazole, imipenem, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime and cefpodoxime by the disk diffusion method.Results: Seven (10%) and five (6.2%) oyster and clams respectively were positive for Paenalcaligenes sp. UN24. The mean heterotrophic bacterial counts in clams ranged from 8.04 × 107 -7.93 × 103(Cfu/g) for dry eason and 1.92 × 107-7.55 × 105(Cfu/g) for rainy season. The mean count in oysters ranged from 8.25 × 107 -6.58 × 106 (Cfu/g) in dry season and 2.55 × 107-3.11 × 106 (Cfu/g) in rainy season respectively. All of the Paenacaligenes sp. UN24 showed resistance to more than two antibiotic classes. The isolates were resistant to ceftriazone, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and nalidixic acid. The most effective antibiotics against the bacterium were amikacin, aztreonam, cefotaxime and cefpodoxime.Conclusion: The Paenacaligenes sp. UN24 expressed multiresistance (MDR) to antibiotics. The presence of MDR in the isolate is a threat to antibiotic treatment and is of public health concern.