lithiasis >0.5 cm, intact, and visible via simple radiography. A sample of 245 lithiases was obtained, with 87 rejected as they did not fulfill the inclusion criteria. Initially the three main actual diameters of each lithiasis were measured with a calibrator, then a plain X-ray and a CT scan were taken of the samples to determine the surface size in cm(2) for simple radiography; surface size and volume in cm(3) for CT scan, in bone window and soft tissue (Toshiba Aquillion 64, sections of 0.5 mm, 120 Kv, 250 mA). The tomographic area was calculated by employing the formula recommended by the European Association of Urology and scanner software. The actual, radiographic and tomographic measurements were taken by three different researchers who were unaware of the results obtained by the each other. The statistics program IBM SPSS Statistics(®) 19 was used. Differences were analyzed using the Wilcoxon sign test. The bone window CT scan slightly overestimated the actual lithiasic size (0.12 vs. 0.17 cm(3)), while in soft tissue window the actual volume was practically doubled (0.12 vs. 0.21 cm(3)) (p < 0.05). We did not find statistically significant differences in the comparison between actual surface size (0.39 cm(2)) and bone window CT scan size when using the EAU formula or scanner software (0.36/0.37 cm(2)). Resulting measurements in soft tissue window tended to significantly overestimate the surface size, although only slightly (0.42/0.44 cm(2)), whilst the plain radiography underestimated it slightly but significantly (0.37 cm(2)). CT scan, using the bone window, is the technical methodology with which the greatest in vitro accuracy in which actual lithiasis measurements can be estimated, although the craniocaudal diameter measurement will be overestimated. Using soft tissue window gives an overestimated size.
RESUMENURETERITIS QUÍSTICA EN PACIENTE CANDIDATA A TRASPLANTE RENAL La ureteritis quística es una patología muy infrecuente, sin que hasta el momento se haya establecido su patogénesis exacta. Se presenta con sintomatología inespecífica, pero sin embargo los hallazgos radiológicos son bastante orientativos.No hay un tratamiento específico para estos pacientes, siendo el trasplante renal el paso final para los que desarrollen insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT).Presentamos un caso de ureteritis crónica diagnosticado durante el estudio pretrasplante de una paciente con IRCT.Palabras Clave: Pieloureteritis. Ureteritis quística. Trasplante renal. Enfermedades ureterales. ABSTRACT CYSTIC URETERITIS IN A KIDNEY TRASPLANTATION CANDIDATECystic ureteritis is a very uncommon pathology, whose pathogenesis is not well established. It is usually asociated with chronic infectious factors. It presents unspecific symptoms but characteristic radiologic findings.There is not an especific treatment for this disease. Kidney trasplant is the final pathway for patients with chronic renal failure.We report a case of cystic ureteritis diagnosed during pre-trasplant study. NOTA CLÍNICA L a presencia de quistes de localización submucosa en algún nivel del urotelio recibe el nombre de pieloureteritis, ureteritis o cistitis quística según la zona afectada, que suele ser el tercio superior ureteral, siendo rara la localización vesical.La pieloureteritis quística (PQ) es una patología de escasa incidencia, que se ha descrito principalmente en adultos de todas las edades, pudiendo afectar también a niños. Su incidencia es similar en ambos sexos, aunque para algunos autores predomina ligeramente en el femenino 1 .Su tratamiento es conservador en la gran mayoría de casos. Cuando la afectación es bilateral, con macroquistes e IRCT, está indicada en ocasiones la nefrectomía bilateral y el trasplante renal (TR). Esto es excepcional 2 , por lo que presentamos el caso que hemos tenido ocasión de diagnosticar y tratar. CASO CLÍNICOPresentamos el caso de una mujer de 62 años con antecedentes personales de hipertensión arterial en tratamiento desde tres años antes, histerectomía por miomatosis uterina, nefrolitiasis coraliforme bilateral diagnosticada treinta años antes, habiéndosele realizado pielolitectomía izquierda en aquella fecha. IRCT en hemo-
ARAGÃO, J. A.; DE SANTANA, G. M.; DA CRUZ DE MORAES, R. Z.; ARAGÃO, I. C. S.; ARAGÃO, F. M. S.; REIS, P. F. Morphological analysis on the occipital condyles and review of the literature. Int. J. Morphol., 35(3):1129-1132, 2017. SUMMARY: Most anatomical and biomechanical studies on the craniovertebral junction have involved morphological or morphometric analysis on the occipital condyles. Some of these studies have provided important findings based on different surgical procedures. The shape, size and angle of the occipital condyles and the locations of the intracranial and extracranial orifices of the hypoglossal canal are highly important because they may affect the lateral approaches to the craniovertebral junction. To determine the frequency of occurrence of different morphological types of occipital condyle. 214 occipital condyles in 107 dry human skulls were analyzed and the classification of their morphological types was determined through assessing digitized photographic images. Among the 107 skulls analyzed, 59.8 % were male and 40.2 % were female. Their ages ranged from 11 to 91 years, with a mean of 57.56 years. Of the total of 10 morphological types of occipital condyle that were found, more than 50 % were of the "8", "S" and ring types. Condyles of "8" and "S" shape were the main types found in male skulls: the "8" shape prevailed on the left side and the "S" shape on the right side. However, in female skulls, these two types had equal bilateral distribution.
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