The high spatial resolution of cardiac computed tomography (CT) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) permit the diagnosis of congenital ventricular outpouchings (CVOs), including congenital ventricular diverticula (CVD), congenital ventricular aneurysms (CVA), clefts, and crypts. A unique classification has not been established, and these terms are used interchangeably with confounding terminology. Moreover, their significance is not univocal. A research was performed using PubMed on six subjects: (1) congenital left ventricular outpouchings; (2) congenital ventricular diverticulum; (3) congenital ventricular aneurysm; (4) ventricular clefts; (5) ventricular crypts; and (6) ventricular crevices. Usually, CVOs are small with a preserved contraction and in asymptomatic patients, the clinical relevance may be minimal, although electrocardiographic anomalies are often present. CVA and diverticula may carry an embolic risk and cases of arrhythmia and rupture are described. In the presence of clefts, or crypts a cardiomyopathy should be excluded. A simple classification can be proposed: CVD extend beyond the myocardial wall and fibrous type may be termed CVA, acquired forms should be kept distinct. Clefts, or crypts, are small recesses extending for more than 50% of the ventricular wall but not beyond its margin. The presence of fibrosis may be evaluated by CMR. A multicenter prospective registry would be helpful to investigate potential clinical implications and to exclude dubious forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or ventricular noncompaction. In conclusion, CVOs have been described with different terminologies and classifications. Their significance needs to be interpreted in the clinical setting and with the help of a multimodality imaging, particularly of CMR.
cancer. Method: We separated CSCs from cell lines and lung cancer tissues by CSC marker CD133 and ALDH. Then we knock down the expression of TLR9 and then investigate biological changes of CSCs, including sphere formation, self-renewing ability, invasion, resistance to drugs, and in vivo tumor formation. Result: We found toll-like receptor (TLR9) are constitutively overexpressed on cancer stem cells (CSCs) derived from lung cancer cell lines and patients' tissue when compared with non-stem cells. Knocking down of TLR9 in lung CSCs resulted in inhibited capacity for proliferation, invasion, tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, cell cycle was arrested at G2/M stages and more apoptosis existed after TLR9 expression decreased. Further analysis indicated that TLR9 maintain the stemness of cancer cells by changing expression of other stem cell markers Gli1, Notch1 and beta-catenin, drug transporters ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 and anti-apoptotic factors BCL2 and Survivin. Of which, beta-catenin, was found to be most obviously related with TLR9 expression. Moreover, TLR9 expression was positively associated with tumor differentiation and inversely associated with lung cancer patient survival in clinic. Conclusion: Based on above data, TLR9 is crucial for marker and phenotype of lung CSC. It might work as a lung cancer stem cell maintainer.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.