The genetic reprogramming technology allows one to generate pluripotent stem
cells for individual patients. These cells, called induced pluripotent stem
cells (iPSCs), can be an unlimited source of specialized cell types for the
body. Thus, autologous somatic cell replacement therapy becomes possible, as
well as the generation of in vitro cell models for studying
the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and drug discovery. Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a loss
of upper and lower motor neurons. About 10% of cases are genetically inherited,
and the most common familial form of ALS is associated with mutations in the
SOD1 gene. We used the reprogramming technology to generate
induced pluripotent stem cells with patients with familial ALS.
Patient-specific iPS cells were obtained by both integration and transgene-free
delivery methods of reprogramming transcription factors. These iPS cells have
the properties of pluripotent cells and are capable of direct differentiation
into motor neurons.
The penetration of atomic hydrogen into the cladding material of fuel elements of WWER-1000 reactors due to interaction with the coolant during operation can subsequently significantly reduce their plasticity characteristics with a decrease in temperature during long-term dry storage of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) due to the formation of brittle hydrides. The morphology of hydrides influenced by the hydrogen content, storage temperature and circumferential stresses plays a decisive role in the embrittlement of the fuel cladding material. Associated radial hydrides are of particular danger; they constitute the most favorable path for crack propagation.In the present work, thermomechanical tests of irradiated fuel claddings samples made of the E110 alloy were carried out, simulating normal and emergency conditions of long-term dry storage. It was shown that under the conditions considered, the formation of a significant amount of radially oriented hydrides was observed, leading to degradation of mechanical properties (embrittlement) fuel cladding.
This article investigates the change in the phase composition and structural state during the thermal cycle of welding a high-alloyed titanium alloy. It is shown that structural-phase transformations in the welded joint occurring under the influence of the thermal and deformation cycle of welding lead to the formation of metastable phases, and its subsequent decomposition can lead to ductility losses. To bring the metal of the welded joint to an equilibrium state, stabilizing annealing is required.
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