Herein we describe the preparation, characterization and utilization of chitosan nanoparticles for the intracellular delivery of the poorly cell-penetrating antibiotic e.g. Ciprofloxacin, Chlortetracycline hydrochloride and Gentamycin sulfate to improve their treatment of bacterial infections. Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared via the ionic gelation of chitosan with tri polyphosphate anions. Several parameters were studied to optimize the particle size of chitosan nanoparticles, here we select the concentration of chitosan and the concentrations of sodium tri poly phosphate (TPP) as optimizing parameters and the other factors stay constant such as pH of solution and ultrasonication time. Chitosan nanoparticles formed characterized by using FT-IR and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results show that chitosan nanoparticles and its loaded antibiotics kill and inhibits the growth of gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria tested due to nanoparticles structures, and the antibacterial activity increased with increasing the anti biotic content.

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der Pfropf-Ausbeute. Ein Vergleich zeigt, daD Cellulosecarbamat mit weniger als 1.1 % Stickstoffgehalt eine niedrigere Pfropf-Ausbeute als nicht modifizierte Cellulose ergibt. Oberhalb dieses Stickstoffgehalts IaOt sich Cellulosecarbamat besser pfropfen als die nicht modifizierte Cellulose.

Hydrogels based on saponified products of poly (acrylonitrile, AN)-starch composites were prepared, characterized and their water abosrbency properties examined. The term composite refered to the resultant products of polymerizatin of AN with starch in presence of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator, that is the composite consists of poly(AN)-starch graft copolymer, homopoly(AN) , oxidized starch and unreacted starch. Thus AN monomer was polymerized with gelatinized starch using the ceric ion method. Gelatinization of starch prior to polymerization was affected by heating certain weight of starch in certain volume of distilled water at different temperrature (65, 75 and 85°C). Polymerization was carried out under a variety of coditions. Saponification of poly (AN)-starch composites was performed in sodium hydroxide to yield the hydrogels. The water absorbency properties of these hydrogels were found to rely on variables affecting the magnitudes of both polymerization and saponification. Among these variables mention was made of the starch/liquor ratio, cocentration of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), monomer/starch molar ratio, duration of grafting and gelatinization temperature as well as saponification time. Hydrogels display their maximum water absorbency when granular starch was firstly gelatinized at 85°C for 30 min and secondly subjected to polymerization with AN using AN/starch molar ratio of 4.8 and CAN concentration of 10 mmol/L liquor ratio of 12.5 and thirdly sample of the so obtained poly (AN)-starch composite was saponified in sodium hydroxide (0.7 N) at 95°C for 180 min. The saponified product was then precipitated in excess methanol, dried and finally converted into powder. The product (hydrogel) in the powder form exhibited maximum water absorbency of 920 g water per gram hydrogel and 38 mL synthetic urine per gram hydrogel.

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