Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory attributes of fresh and cold-stored (5–15 days) fermented zabadi from goat’s milk were analysed and then compared with those of cow’s milk. Results indicated that the gross nutrients of fresh goat’s milk changed after processing. Zabadi fermentation significantly decreased the lactose content and pH of the fresh milk in both zabadi types. Cow-milk zabadi was more viscous than goat-milk zabadi. Cold storage resulted in significant changes in gross composition of both zabadi types, in particular after 10 days of storage. Lactose and pH decreased further if the storage period was prolonged. Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are the main active organisms in goat- and cow-milk zabadi. The number of total bacteria and yeast increased significantly within 10 days of storage, decreasing thereafter. Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. were absent. Coliforms and faecal coliforms were detected in both zabadi types; however, they disappeared after 5 days of storage. Goat-milk zabadi showed significantly lower sensory scores than cow-milk zabadi. Both zabadi types can withstand storage to a maximum of 10 days, with the sensory scores decreasing thereafter.

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Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was investigated in the liver, red blood cells (RBC) and blood plasma (BP) of different chicken genotypes. Signifi cant differences among genotypes and age groups were found in liver GSHPx activity during embryonic development and in day-old chickens. Breed, sex and age effects were found in RBC and BP from one day of age until peak egg production. A negative correlation was found between embryo liver GSHPx activity and egg weight (-0.24; P≤0.01), between RBC and BP GSHPx activity and body weight (-0.32 and -0.44; P≤0.01), and between liver and RBC GSHPx activity (-0.54; P≤0.01), while positive correlations were demonstrated between liver and BP (0.66; P≤0.01) and BP and RBC (0.32; P≤0.01) GSHPx activity. In conclusion, variation in GSHPx activities in different chicken breeds during development suggests that it is genetically regulated. This fi nding indicates that GSHPx activity may be useful in selection.

Egypt apanese quail (Coturnix japonica) are an economically important species valued for its egg, meat, and as a biological animal model in Asia, Europe, the most popular molecular markers were the RAPD, described first by Welsh and McClelland (1990). RAPD were commonly used for the genetic mapping and selection criteria for characters in poultry.DNA fingerprint patterns (Piao et al., 2003) were characterized in two lines of Japanese quail that are differentiated by large and small body sizes and developed by selection. RAPD methods have been used to detect specific markers, genetic similarity in Japanese quail lines (Sharma et al., 2000;Karabağ and Balcioğlub, 2010). Mansour et al. (2010) investigated the variations within four phenotypes of Japanese quail using RAPD and ISSR markers. The second widely used DNA marker is based on MS, SSR which are efficient for estimating genetic variation between populations of the same species. The modern genetic tools developed specifically for quail analyses were MS J

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The objective of the present research was to utilize biotechnology to improve agronomical traits such as drought stress tolerance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as important recalcitrant crop species via a particle gun "Genebooster TM " for the bombardment of plant tissues with DNA. The process involves the high velocity acceleration of microprojectiles carrying foreign DNA, penetration of the cell wall and membrane by microprojectiles, and delivery of the DNA into plant cells. The initial phase of the two common bean varieties "Fönix" and "Maxidor" focused on the development of a highly regenerable tissue culture procedure amenable to the particle gun physical method. The results showed that MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA were the optimal for shoot induction from meristematic ring of cotyledonary node explants in the both bean varieties. The author has developed a tissue culture protocol that enables the "meristematic ring" that develops below axillary shoots on nodal bean explants to produce shoot buds, and developed an electric-discharge particle acceleration procedure to produce transgenic plants in the two common bean varieties. The plasmid pFF19K, harboring the kanamycin resistance gene nptII as a selectable marker and pFF19-mtlD harboring the mtlD gene which confers mannitol (drought stress) tolerance were used for adapting transformation in the two common bean varieties. The results indicated that the successful delivery of plasmids DNA and efficient gene transfer into common bean meristematic tissues included 20 bar nitrogen pressure, 135 mm shooting distance, 1.1 µm diameter size of microprojectiles, and twice bombarding of the target tissues. Multiple shoots are then generated and screened to recover transgenic plants at a rate of 7.6% and 8.4% in "Fönix" and "Maxidor" bean varieties, respectively. Transgenic plants were recovered using both kanamycin (100 mg/l) and mannitol (1.2 M/l) screening to introduce the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) and the mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD) genes into the two common bean varieties. The introduced nptII and mtlD genes have been shown to confer strong resistance and tolerance in transgenic beans to kanamycin and mannitol stress applications. The transgenic bean plants were healthy and the method has proven to be applicable to common bean crop. To my knowledge, this is the first report on the production of common bean transgenic plants with mtlD gene using biolistic gun-mediated gene transfer system.