Bilirubin
(BR) is a product of hemoglobin breakdown, and its increasing
levels in the blood may indicate liver disorders and lead to jaundice.
Kernicterus is most dangerous in newborns when the unconjugated BR
concentration can quickly rise to toxic levels, causing neurological
damage and even death. The development of an accurate, fast, and sensitive
sensor for BR detection will help reduce diagnostic time and ensure
successful treatment. In this study, we propose a new method for creating
a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrate based
on gold-decorated silicon nanowires (Au@SiNWs) for sensitive label-free
BR detection. Gold-assisted chemical etching of crystalline silicon
wafers was used to synthesize SiNWs, the tops of which were then additionally
decorated with gold nanoparticles. The low detection limit of model
analyte 4-mercaptopyridine down to the concentration of 10–8 M demonstrated the excellent sensitivity of the obtained substrates
for SERS application. The theoretical full-wave electromagnetic simulations
of Raman scattering in the Au@SiNW substrates showed that the major
contribution to the total SERS signal comes from the analyte molecules
located on the SiNW surface near the gold nanoparticles. Therefore,
for efficient BR adsorption and SERS detection, the surface of the
SiNWs was modified with amino groups. Label-free detection of BR using
amino modified Au@SiNWs with high point-to-point, scan-to-scan, and
batch-to-batch reproducibility with a detection limit of 10–6 M has been demonstrated. Artificial urine, mimicking human urine
samples, was used as the matrix to get insights into the influence
of different parameters such as matrix complexity on the overall BR
SERS signal. The signal stability was demonstrated for 7 days after
adsorption of BR with a concentration of 5 × 10–5 M, which is the required sensitivity for clinical applications.
The purpose of this study is to determine the interests of stakeholders and their influence on the strategic guidelines for the sustainable development of industrial enterprises in the Russian fuel and energy complex. Environmental safety is one of the components of the corporate strategy implementation for the sustainable development of industrial enterprises. The significance of this component is determined not so much by the regulatory institutional impact as by the transformation of economic agents’ behavior in the market: consumers, partners, investors, competitors who are stakeholders. This study defines the composition of stakeholders for Russian industrial enterprises leading in the field of sustainable development based on the results of ESG-ratings. It also identifies their priority interests and the sustainable development goals of industrial companies. Based on the analysis of open reports on the sustainable development of Russian industrial enterprises, the article identifies the key goals of sustainable development for stakeholders of Russian industrial enterprises in the fuel and energy complex. An analysis of the mechanism for organizing interaction with stakeholders shows that for most stakeholder groups, interaction is implemented through the non-financial reporting of companies. The study concludes that a proactive approach will enable companies to identify sustainable development issues with the greatest long-term potential, and thus to create a system of preventive strategic action.
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