Background Zn2+ deficiency (ZnD) is a worldwide problem. In the United States, 14% of Americans are Zn2+ deficient, which represents 1 out of 7 people. In ZnD populations, the prevalence of hypertension is higher. In our recent studies, we demonstrated that ZnD induces hypertension by promoting renal Na+ reabsorption by the sodium chloride co‐transporter (NCC). However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in NCC upregulation were undefined. Nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) is a transcription factor found to play a role in ZnD‐mediated detrimental effects throughout the body. Hypothesis As such, we hypothesized that ZnD drives renal NFκB activation. Experimental Design To examine the effects of ZnD on renal NFκB activation, adult, male C57Bl/6 mice were fed a ZnA‐ or ZnD‐diet for 6 weeks. NFκB expression and nuclear translocation were examined by immunohistochemistry. To confirm the role of Zn2+ in NFκB regulation, mouse distal convoluted tubular (mDCT) cells were treated with the Zn2+ chelator ‐ N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine (TPEN) or vehicle ± Zn2+ supplementation. Results In ZnD mice, NFκB protein expression and nuclear localization were increased compared to ZnA mice. Consistently, in mDCT cells, TPEN‐induced ZnD stimulated NFκB expression and nuclear translocation. However, Zn2+ supplementation reversed TPEN‐induced NFκB upregulation. Conclusion These results indicate that 1) NFκB is a Zn2+‐regulated nuclear transcription factor, and 2) ZnD drives renal NFkB activation. Significance NFκB represents a potential mediator that drives ZnD‐induced NCC upregulation and consequently renal Na+ reabsorption and hypertension. Support or Funding Information American Heart Association ‐ Scientist Development Grant #16SDG27080009 National Institutes of Health ‐ R21 Exploratory/Development Grant #R21DK119879
Background Zinc deficiency (ZnD) is a common comorbidity with chronic disorders including diabetes and kidney disease. Patients with these diseases also have a higher incidence of hypertension. Recently, we reported that a zinc deficient diet is sufficient to induce hypertension in mice. Changes in blood pressure were accompanied by increased Na+ reabsorption via the renal sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC). Although our novel results indicate that zinc plays a critical role in NCC regulation and its downstream effects on blood pressure, the specific mechanisms involved are unknown. Hypothesis Since nuclear factor‐kB (NFkB) is a key transcription factor implicated in ZnD‐mediated effects, we tested the hypothesis that ZnD stimulates renal NFκB activation which drives NCC upregulation and thereby promotes hypertension. Experimental Design Adult, male C57BL/6 mice were fed a zinc adequate (ZnA; 50ppm) or a ZnD (1ppm) diet for 6 weeks. To examine the role of NFkB in ZnD‐induced hypertension, mice were switched from a ZnA‐diet to a ZnD‐diet for 5 weeks. After, ZnD mice were administered caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an NFkB inhibitor, for 1 week. In mice, NCC expression (qRT‐PCR) and blood pressure (tail‐cuff) were measured. To further investigate the role of NFkB in NCC expression (qRT‐PCR and Western blot), mouse distal convoluted tubule (mDCT) cells were treated with TPEN (a zinc chelator) or vehicle (DMSO) ± CAPE. Results Compared to ZnA mice, NCC mRNA abundance was increased in ZnD mice (7.625 ± 1.747 vs 1.0 ± 0.127) and was accompanied by enhanced renal NFkB nuclear localization. In mDCT cells, TPEN‐induced ZnD stimulated NCC mRNA expression (3.152 ± 0.966 vs 1.0 ± 0.174) and NFkB upregulation (1.573 ± 0.117 vs 1.0 ± 0). However, NFkB inhibition by CAPE prevented TPEN‐induced NCC mRNA (0.636 ± 0.178 vs 3.152 ± 0.966) and protein (1.039 ± 0.018 vs 2.335 ± 0.062) expression in mDCT cells. Finally, CAPE administration lowered blood pressure (154.5 ± 5.42 vs 138.1 ± 1.97 mm Hg) in ZnD mice. Summary These results demonstrate that 1) renal NFkB is a Zn2+‐regulated transcription factor, 2) NFkB is involved in NCC regulation and 3) NFkB mediates ZnD‐induced blood pressure increases. Significance Taken together, these data indicate that ZnD stimulates NFkB activation thereby driving NCC upregulation and hypertension. Support or Funding Information AHA‐16SDG27080009 and NIH‐R21DK119879
Background Zinc deficiency (ZnD) is comorbid with diseases such as kidney disease and diabetes. Individuals in these populations have a higher prevalence of hypertension. Recently, we reported that ZnD promotes hypertension in mice. The blood pressure elevations were accompanied with increased Na+ retention via the renal Sodium Chloride Cotransporter (NCC). Although our published results indicate that zinc plays a critical role in blood pressure and NCC regulation, the mechanisms involved were not investigated. Hypothesis Since nuclear factor‐kB (NFκB) mediates ZnD‐induced detrimental effects, we tested the hypothesis that NFκB drives ZnD‐induced NCC upregulation and subsequently renal Na+ retention and hypertension. Experimental Design To determine the role of NFκB in ZnD‐induced renal Na+ retention and hypertension, adult male C57Bl/6 mice were fed a ZnD diet (5 weeks) followed by administration of the NFκB inhibitor ‐ caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE; 1 week). Systolic blood pressure and urinary Na+ concentrations were examined. To examine if NFκB mediates ZnD‐induced NCC upregulation, mouse distal convoluted tubule (mDCT) cells were treated with the zinc chelator N, N, N′, N′‐tetrakis(2‐pyridinylmethyl)‐1,2‐ethanediamine (TPEN) ± CAPE, a NFκB inhibitor. After 24 hours, NCC mRNA and protein expressions, as well as activation, were assessed by qRT‐PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. Results In mice, ZnD promoted hypertension and renal Na+ retention. Further, increased NCC expression was accompanied with enhanced NFκB expression in ZnD mice. However, CAPE administration lowered blood pressure and elevated urinary Na+ concentrations. In mDCT cells, TPEN‐induced NCC upregulation was prevented by CAPE treatment. Conclusions Together, these results demonstrate that 1) NFκB is a novel NCC regulator and 2) NFκB mediates ZnD‐induced renal Na+ retention and hypertension. These novel findings indicate that ZnD drives renal NFκB activation thereby stimulating NCC‐mediated Na+ retention and promoting hypertension. Significance This study identifies NFκB as a possible pharmacological target to mitigate hypertension. Support or Funding Information American Heart Association ‐ Scientist Development Grant #16SDG27080009 National Institutes of Health ‐ R21 Exploratory/Development Grant #R21DK119879
Background Zn2+ deficiency (ZnD) is a worldwide problem. In the United States, 14% of Americans are Zn2+ deficient, which represents 1 out of 7 people. In ZnD populations, the prevalence of hypertension is higher. In our recent studies, we demonstrated that ZnD induces hypertension by promoting renal Na+ reabsorption by the sodium chloride co‐transporter (NCC). However, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in NCC upregulation were undefined. Nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) is a transcription factor found to play a role in ZnD‐mediated detrimental effects throughout the body. Hypothesis As such, we hypothesized that ZnD drives renal NFκB activation. Experimental Design To examine the effects of ZnD on renal NFκB activation, adult, male C57Bl/6 mice were fed a ZnA‐ or ZnD‐diet for 6 weeks. NFκB expression and nuclear translocation were examined by immunohistochemistry. To confirm the role of Zn2+ in NFκB regulation, mouse distal convoluted tubular (mDCT) cells were treated with the Zn2+ chelator ‐ N,N,Nʹ,Nʹ‐tetrakis(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine (TPEN) or vehicle ± Zn2+ supplementation. Results In ZnD mice, NFκB protein expression and nuclear localization were increased compared to ZnA mice. Consistently, in mDCT cells, TPEN‐induced ZnD stimulated NFκB expression and nuclear translocation. However, Zn2+ supplementation reversed TPEN‐induced NFκB upregulation. Conclusion These results indicate that 1) NFκB is a Zn2+‐regulated nuclear transcription factor, and 2) ZnD drives renal NFkB activation. Significance NFκB represents a potential mediator that drives ZnD‐induced NCC upregulation and consequently renal Na+ reabsorption and hypertension.
Background : Zinc deficiency (ZnD) is a common comorbidity with chronic disorders including diabetes and kidney disease. Patients with these diseases also have a higher incidence of hypertension. Recently, we reported that a zinc deficient diet is sufficient to induce hypertension in mice. Changes in blood pressure were accompanied by increased Na+ reabsorption via the renal sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC). Although our novel results indicate that zinc plays a critical role in NCC regulation and its downstream effects on blood pressure, the specific mechanisms involved are unknown. Hypothesis : Since nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) is a key transcription factor implicated in ZnD‐mediated effects, we tested the hypothesis that ZnD stimulates renal NFκB activation which drives NCC upregulation and thereby promotes hypertension. Experimental Design : Adult, male C57BL/6 mice were fed a zinc adequate (ZnA; 50ppm) or a ZnD (1ppm) diet for 6 weeks. To examine the role of NFκB in ZnD‐induced hypertension, mice were switched from a ZnA‐diet to a ZnD‐diet for 5 weeks. After, ZnD mice were administered caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an NFκB inhibitor, for 1 week. In mice, NCC expression (qRT‐PCR) and blood pressure (tail‐cuff) were measured. To further investigate the role of NFκB in NCC expression (qRT‐PCR and Western blot), mouse distal convoluted tubule (mDCT) cells were treated with TPEN (a zinc chelator) or vehicle (DMSO) ± CAPE. Results : Compared to ZnA mice, NCC mRNA abundance was increased in ZnD mice (7.625 ± 1.747 vs 1.0 ± 0.127) and was accompanied by enhanced renal NFκB nuclear localization. In mDCT cells, TPEN‐induced ZnD stimulated NCC mRNA expression (3.152 ± 0.966 vs 1.0 ± 0.174) and NFκB upregulation (1.573 ± 0.117 vs 1.0 ± 0). However, NFκB inhibition by CAPE prevented TPEN‐induced NCC mRNA (0.636 ± 0.178 vs 3.152 ± 0.966) and protein (1.039 ± 0.018 vs 2.335 ± 0.062) expression in mDCT cells. Finally, CAPE administration lowered blood pressure (154.5 ± 5.42 vs 138.1 ± 1.97 mm Hg) in ZnD mice. Summary : These results demonstrate that 1) renal NFκB is a Zn2+‐regulated transcription factor, 2) NFκB is involved in NCC regulation and 3) NFκB mediates ZnD‐induced blood pressure increases. Significance : Taken together, these data indicate that ZnD stimulates NFκB activation thereby driving NCC upregulation and hypertension.
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