Polarized exocytosis is an essential process in many organisms and cell types for correct cell division or functional specialization. Previous studies established that homologs of the oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) in , which comprise the Osh protein family, are necessary for efficient polarized exocytosis by supporting a late post-Golgi step. We define this step as the docking of a specific sub-population of exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane. In the absence of other Osh proteins, yeast Osh4p can support this process in a manner dependent upon two lipid ligands, PI4P and sterol. Osh6p, which binds PI4P and phosphatidylserine, is also sufficient to support polarized exocytosis, again in a lipid-dependent manner. These data suggest that Osh-mediated exocytosis depends upon lipid binding and exchange without a strict requirement for sterol. We propose a two-step mechanism for Osh protein-mediated regulation of polarized exocytosis by using Osh4p as a model. We describe a specific role for lipid binding by an OSBP-related protein (ORP) in the process of polarized exocytosis, guiding our understanding of where and how OSBP and ORPs may function in more complex organisms.

Background: Acute kidney injury affects nearly 30% of preterm neonates in the intensive care unit. We aimed to determine if nephrotoxin-induced AKI disrupted renal development assessed by imaging (CFE-MRI). Methods: Neonatal New Zealand rabbits received indomethacin and gentamicin (AKI) or saline (control) for four days followed by cationic ferritin (CF) at six weeks. Ex vivo images were acquired using a gradient echo pulse sequence on 7T MRI. Glomerular number (N glom) and apparent glomerular volume (aV glom) were determined. CF toxicity was assessed at 2 and 28 days in healthy rabbits. Results: N glom was lower in the AKI group as compared to controls (74,034 vs 198,722, p<0.01). aV glom was not different (AKI:7.3 ×10 −4 vs. control: 6.2 ×10 −4 mm 3 , p=0.69). AKI kidneys had a band of glomeruli distributed radially in the cortex that were undetectable by MRI. Following CF injection, there was no difference in body or organ weights except for the liver, and transient changes in serum iron, platelets and white blood cell count. Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

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AKI is common and associated with poor outcomes. It is probable that AKI is a harbinger to CKD in pediatric populations. However, we currently lack the tools to definitely answer this question and more research is needed.

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Objective This study aimed to determine if delayed cord clamping (DCC) is associated with a reduction in neonatal acute kidney injury (AKI). Study Design A retrospective single-center cohort study of 278 very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates was performed to compare the incidence of AKI in the following groups: immediate cord clamping (ICC), DCC, and umbilical cord milking. AKI was diagnosed by the modified neonatal Kidney Diseases and Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) definition. Results The incidence of AKI in the first week was 20.1% with no difference between groups (p = 0.78). After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds of developing AKI, following DCC, compared with ICC was 0.93 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.46–1.86) with no reduction in the stage of AKI between groups. Conclusion In this study, DCC was not associated with a reduced rate of AKI in VLBW neonates. However, the data suggest that DCC is also not harmful to the kidneys, further supporting the safety of DCC in VLBW neonates.

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Introduction As the use of social media becomes more prevalent within healthcare practices, it is important to understand how patients may engage with social media posts by their physicians. The conditions addressed within the field of urology are often particularly sensitive in nature, particularly within the realm of sexual medicine. Therefore, patients might be less likely to engage with social media posts from their urologists based on their own comfort levels and privacy concerns. A previous study evaluating this interaction determined the likelihood to engage varied based on age and gender. However, social media engagement patterns in sensitive topics based on socioeconomic background have not been previously evaluated. Objective This study aims to determine the likelihood of patients in a community urology practice to engage with sensitive social media posts by their urologist according to socioeconomic factors. The likelihood to engage actively (defined as commenting or sharing) versus passively (defined as liking a post) on two different topics within the scope of urology was determined. The two topics used were erectile dysfunction (ED)/urinary incontinence and kidney stone prevention. Methods Participants completed a survey that included basic demographic questions as well as questions determining their potential likelihood to engage on the different topics using a visual analog 5-point Likert scale. Responses on the Likert scale were given a value of one (very unlikely) to five (very likely), and a two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test with an α of 0.05 was used to determine the significance of differences in responses. For analysis of the Likert scale responses, only those respondents who had social media accounts were included. Results The final sample consisted of 293 responses with a 93.0% response rate. Of respondents, 65.7% had a social media account. Of those respondents that had a social media account, 50.5% had an annual income under $50,000. There was no significant difference in the likelihood to follow their urologist on social media for those with an annual income under $50,000 in comparison to those over $50,000. When looking at the overall likelihood of engagement, those with an annual income of less than $50,000 were more likely to actively engage compared to those making over $50,000 (p-value = 0.02. When stratifying by topic, those making less than $50,000 were more likely to actively engage on the topic of ED/urinary incontinence than those making more than $50,000 (p-value = 0.02). Conclusions Patient education via social media is an effective tool for urology practices to engage with patients. Engagement with this content is greater among lower-income patients. Further investigation is needed to determine whether increased engagement with online content translates to improved health outcomes. Disclosure No