As one of the polysaccharides with high viscocity, even in low concentration, glucomannan could block the nozzle and hinder its application as spray-dried encapsulant. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of viscosity of hydrolysed glucomannan as a spray-dryer feed on properties of encapsulated iron particles. Glucomannan was hydrolysed using cellulase to obtain various viscosities (83-222 cP) and used for encapsulating iron. Enzymatic hydrolysis reduced the glucomannan's glass transition temperature and transmittance values of O-H, C-O, and C-H groups. Increasing the viscosity lightened the particle colour, and improved encapsulation efficiency and mean particle diameter, however, reduced moisture content and bulk density. The highest encapsulation efficiency (99.95%) was obtained using the most viscous encapsulant (222 cP). Thicker encapsulants produced larger particles with more wrinkles on the surface but performed better in protecting iron. Solubility and swelling of the particles were higher in neutral solution (pH=6.8) than in an acidic one. The degree of iron degradation was around 70% after 10 months of storage. These results suggested the use of an appropriate viscosity of hydrolysed glucomannan not only allow it to be sprayed but also showed a potency to protect the iron from solubility in acid ambient and degradation during the storage.
As one of the sustainable food sources, papaya seed oil (PSO) has extraordinary health benefits with unsaturated fatty acids being the main components. In general, the PSO extraction can be accomplished by predetermining the thermophysical properties of the PSO, appropriate use of solvent, and operating conditions. However, the thermophysical properties data of the PSO in the literature are quite scarce, while their quantitative measurements are expensive and time-consuming. For this reason, the group contribution models (GCMs) that have been developed over the last few decades can be essential tools for the estimation of the thermophysical properties of PSO. Moreover, this study also proposes a new GCM to predict PSO thermophysical properties based on its fatty acids composition and validate the accuracy using the experimental data available in the literature. The results showed that the new model has excellent accuracy in estimating the thermophysical properties of PSO at 298.15 K and normal boiling point (Tb). The average absolute relative deviation (AARD) for enthalpy of vaporization values at both temperatures were 2.09% and 2.04%, respectively. Meanwhile, the AARD values for molar volume at both temperatures were 0.48% and 0.86%, respectively. Accordingly, the estimated values of the Hansen's solubility parameters and partition coefficients were very close to the experimental data with a distance (D) of 0.21 and AARD of 0.030%. Therefore, this model can be employed to quickly predict the important PSO properties and other its unknown properties based on its molecular structure for its extraction purpose.
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