Bacterial cellulose can be modified by esterification using palmitic acid and Mucor miehei lipase as catalysts. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum conditions of esterification reaction of cellulose and palmitic acid. The esterification reaction was carried out at the time variation of 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 hours and the mass ratio of cellulose: palmitic acid (1:1, 1: 2, 1: 3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6) at 50°C. The cellulose palmitate was examined its physical and chemical properties by using FTIR spectrophotometer, XRD, bubble point test and saponification apparatus. The results showed that the optimum reaction time of esterification reaction of cellulose and palmitic acid occurred within 24 hours and the mass ratio of cellulose: palmitic acid was 1:3 resulting in DS of 0.376 with swelling index of 187%, crystallinity index of 61.95%, and Φ porous of 2.40 μm. Identification of functional groups using FTIR spectrophotometer showed that C=O ester group was observed at 1737.74 cm-1 and strengthened by the appearance of C-O ester peak at 1280 cm-1. The conclusion of this study is reaction time and reactant ratio influence significantly the DS of cellulose ester.
The native chickens collected from the Blimbing Malang Market were found with a state of lethargy and diarrhea. Native chickens were dissected to find out pathological abnormalities that occurred in the chicken's body by carrying out physical examinations and histopathological examinations. Based on the results of observations and examinations carried out both macroscopically and microscopically after necropsy chickens, the organs of chickens that have pathological abnormalities are the duodenum, jejunum and pulmo. The duodenum and jejunum had nematode infestations which showed villi erosion, hemorrhage, liquefactive necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Pulmo had hemorrhagic parabronchii, atelectasis of blood capillaries, cloudy swelling, and congestion of blood vessels. The visible abnormality of the small intestine organ damage leads to chicken disease to nematode worm infestation.
Modification of bacterial cellulose through enzymatic esterification between cellulose and propionic acid has been carried out to produce cellulose propionate as a raw material of dialysis membrane. The research aimed to characterize of cellulose propionate and assess its potency as raw material for a membrane. The esterification was performed for 8 hours at 50 ⁰C with cellulose and propionic acid in the mass ratio of 1:5. The physical-chemical properties of resulted cellulose propionate were determined for their functional group using FTIR, crystallinity index by XRD, swelling index by gravimetric method, specific gravity, maximum pore size diameter and membrane thickness. The cellulose propionate showed peak absorbance at the wave number of 1743 cm-1 from C=O absorption and 1108 cm-1 and 1037 cm-1 from CO absorption with the degree of crystallinity of 61.56% and density of 1.39 g/cm3. Cellulose propionate membrane has a maximum pore size of 2.25 ± 0.04 µm and thickness of 0.029 ±0.001mm, the swelling index of 153%. Diffusion equilibrium of uric acid was 3 hours at average diffusion rate of 1.48ppm/h.
In the case of pre-eclampsia, abnormality form also be found in the heart, which is later can be diagnosed as a particular symptom, hypertension. Endothelin-1, potential vasoconstrictor derived from heart, responsible to the mechanism of indirect impairment utero- spiral arteries into development of generalized endothelial dysfunction. This study was designed to identify the effect of ethanol extract from black rice in pre-eclamptic model rat, specifically related to its ability to maintain physiological activity of cardiovascular system. In this study, animal model was induced by multi-dose of tryponil sulphate 70mg/kgBW at 9th, 10th, 11th day of pregnancy, and the groups were devided into negative and positive control, treatment groups: P1, P2, P3 differed by ethanol extract dosages (12,5mg/kgBW, 25mg/kgBW, 50mg/kgBW respectively). Treatment started from day 12th to 18th of pregnancy, continued by statistical analysis to examined endothelin-1 immunohistochemistry expression using one way ANOVA and Tuckey-Test. This study indicated both the lowest expression of endothelin-1 and the normal structure of heart myofibrils, after histological examination, were identically displayed at P3 (50mg/kgBW ethanol extract) among groups. According to this study, we suggested that the ethanol extract of black rice possibly has certain compound either directly or indirectly induced cardiovascular changes during pre-eclamptic condition.
Currently, there are many pet shops, animal clinics, and animal lover communities in Malang. Data from UB's animal education hospitals showed an increasing number of patients visiting there. This reflects that the owner had considered his favorite animal as part of his family that must be treated if they are sick. Drugs medicine plays an important role in the treatment of animal diseases. Therefore, pet owners must know how to use and store drugs properly so that the efficacy of the drug does not change, and the results of treatment are achieved. When the drug is not used anymore, the owner must know how to properly dispose of the drug to prevent the drug from being mixed, polluting the environment, or even being used by irresponsible people. The aim of this community service was to provide additional knowledge about how to use, store and dispose of veterinary medicines. The theme we took was "Increasing Knowledge of Al-Huda MTS Students on the Use, Storage and Disposal of Animal Medicine through Educational Seminars and Demonstration". Community service methods used were counseling and seminars on the use, storage and disposal of veterinary medicines and demonstrations on how to give medicines to cats. The evaluation tools used were pretest and posttest. The pretest and posttest results showed an increase in the knowledge of MTS Al-Huda students about how to give medicines to pets - especially cats -, how to store and dispose of drugs that are not used. While the results of the questionnaire showed a very good response related to community service.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.