Abs tract. In response to increased white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) encroachment on airports, we evaluated the effectiveness of cattle guards as deer exclusion devices. We conducted three experiments in a 2200 ha fenced facility in northern Ohio with high (91/km 2 ) deer densities during 1994 ± 1995. In each experiment, we monitored deer crossings at two or three cattle guards (4.6[L]´3[W]´0.5 or 1.0[D] m) constructed at fence openings for 2 weeks pre-and postinstallation. For each experiment, the mean daily number of deer crossings after installation of cattle guards was reduced (P < 0.01) by > 88% compared with respective crossing rates during pretreatment.Reduction in deer crossings using cattle guards with 0.5 or 1.0 m deep excavations were similar (95 ± 96% vs 98%) overall. Cattle guards at permanent openings used for vehicular traffic appear a viable technique to reduce deer movements into fenced airports and other facilities where reductions in deer intrusions are desired.

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Neonatal calves from a seasonal dairy herd in North Western Tasmania were presented for veterinary care due to mortalities and bleeding from multiple orifices. Necropsy examination revealed free blood throughout the parenchymatous organs, body cavities and connective tissues. There was no history of anticoagulant exposure, however, high quantities of dicoumarol were found in samples from hay fed to recently calved cows. No Australian cases of dicoumarol toxicity in neonatal calves have been previously documented, and dicoumarol toxicity in adult cattle would appear to be less common than in colder farming regions of the Northern Hemisphere.