Background Identification of gestational age, especially within 48 hours of birth, is crucial for newborns, as the earlier preterm status is detected, the earlier the child can receive optimal management. Newborn foot length is an anthropometric measurement which is easy to perform, inexpensive, and potentially efficient for predicting gestational age. Objective To analyze the diagnostic value of newborn foot length in predicting gestational age. Methods This diagnostic study was performed between October 2016 and February 2017 in the High Care Unit of Neonates at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Surakarta. A total of 152 newborns were consecutively selected and underwent right foot length measurements before 96 hours of age. The correlation between newborn foot length to classify as full term and gestational age was analyzed with Spearman's correlation test because of non-normal data distribution. The cut-off point of newborn foot length was calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and diagnostic values of newborn foot length were analyzed by 2 x 2 table with SPSS 21.0 software. Results There were no significant differences between male and female newborns in terms of gestational age, birth weight, choronological age, and newborn foot length (P>0.05). Newborn foot length and gestational age had a significant correlation (r=0.53; P=0.000). The optimal cut-off newborn foot length to predict full term status was 7.1 cm. Newborn foot length below 7.1 cm had sensitivity 75%, specificity 98%, positive predictive value 94.3%, negative predictive value 90.6%, positive likelihood ratio 40.5, negative likelihood ratio 0.25, and post-test probability 94.29%, to predict preterm status in newborns. Conclusion Newborn foot length can be used to predict gestational age, especially for the purpose of differentiating between preterm and full term newborns. [Paediatr Indones. 2017;57:181-6; doi: http://dx

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong><strong> </strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Pendahuluan</strong><strong>: </strong>Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan salah satu penyebab kematian pada balita. Status gizi dapat mempengaruhi kejadian ISPA. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara status gizi dengan angka kejadian ISPA pada balita usia 1-5 Tahun di Surakarta. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti akan meneliti hubungan antara status gizi buruk, kurang, baik, lebih, dan obesitas terhadap angka kejadian ISPA.</p><p><strong>Metode</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong>Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain studi <em>case control</em> dilakukan pada 9 September 2019 sampai 15 Oktober 2019 di RSUD Dr. Moewardi dan puskesmas di Surakarta. Subjek penelitian adalah anak berusia 1–5 tahun dengan diagnosis ISPA dan non ISPA, masing-masing sebanyak 120 sampel. Pemilihan puskesmas dilakukan dengan metode <em>stratified random sampling</em>. Data anak diambil dengan metode <em>consecutive sampling</em>. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengolah data rekam medis dan melakukan klasifikasi status gizi dengan tabel <em>Z-score</em> WHO. Data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji <em>Chi Square</em> dan <em>Odds Ratio</em> (OR).</p><p><strong>Hasil</strong><strong>:</strong><strong> </strong>Terdapat hubungan antara status gizi buruk (OR = 8,63; CI 95% = 1,875–39,714), status gizi kurang (OR = 3,776; CI 95% = 1,586–8,988), dan obesitas (OR = 0,154; CI 95% = 0,032–0,736) dengan angka kejadian ISPA. Sementara, tidak terdapat hubungan antara status gizi lebih (p=0,402) dengan angka kejadian ISPA.</p><p><strong>Kesimpulan</strong><strong>: </strong>Terdapat hubungan antara status gizi buruk, kurang, dan obesitas dengan angka kejadian ISPA pada balita di Surakarta. Namun, tidak terdapat hubungan antara status gizi lebih dengan angka kejadian ISPA pada balita di Surakarta.</p><p align="center"><strong> </strong><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><strong></strong></p><p><strong><em>Introduction</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the causes of death in toddler. Nutritional status can affect the incidence of ARI. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of ARI in toddler aged 1-5 years old in Surakarta. In this study, researcher will examine the relationship between poor nutritional status, malnutrition, good nutritional status, overweight, and obesity on the incidence of ARI.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>An observational analytic approach with a case-control study design was conducted on 9 September 2019 to 15 October 2019 in RSUD Dr. Moewardi and community health centre in Surakarta. Subjects were children aged 1-5 years old who were diagnosed with ARI and non-ARI, each as many as 120 samples. The community health center was selected by using the stratified random sampling method. Children's data was taken by consecutive sampling method. The study was conducted by processing medical record data and classifying nutritional status with the WHO Z-score table. Data were then analyzed using the Chi Square test and Odds Ratio (OR).</em></p><p><strong><em>Result</em></strong><strong><em>s: </em></strong><em>There is a relationship between poor nutritional status (p = 0.001; OR = 8.63; 95% CI = 1.875–39.714), malnutrition (p = 0.002; OR = 3.776; 95% CI = 1.586– 8,988), and obesity (p = 0.019; OR = 0.154; 95% CI = 0.032-0.736) with the incidence of ARI. Meanwhile, there was no relationship between overweight (p = 0.402; OR = 0.417; 95% CI = 0.097–1.8) and the incidence of ARI.</em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusion</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>There is a relationship between poor nutritional status, malnutrition, and obesity with the incidence of ARI in toddler in Surakarta, and there is no relationship between overweight with the incidence of ARI in toddler in Surakarta.</em></p>

N eonatal sepsis is still a significant prob lem found both in developing and de veloped countries. Even though there has been advance in therapy, the morbidity and the mortality are still high. The total of sepsis cases in developing countries is 1.8-18/1000 of birth ABSTRACT

Background: Identification of tissue acidosis (TA) is important in the management of sick, extremely low birthweight infants (ELBW). Previous work has suggested that anion gap may be a more accurate reflection of tissue acidosis than base deficit (Stewart, 1983). Hypoalbuminaemia leads to underestimation of anion gap (Durward et al, 2003).Aims: To estimate the incidence of hypoalbuminaemia in ELBW infants during the first 72 hours of life, and its effect on estimation of TA in a retrospective, observational study.Methods: Infants with birthweight Ͻ1000g admitted to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit were studied. Blood gas samples were pooled with results of laboratory electrolyte, albumin and haematology assays at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours of life. The base deficit (BD) and anion gap (AG) were calculated and then corrected for albumin using Figges formula (Corrected AG ϭ AG ϩ 0.25*(40 -albumin g/L)). TA was quantified by strong ion gap ϩ lactate, a method which has been validated previously (Stewart, 1983), and raised TA defined as Ͼ3mEq/L.Results: 104 samples were collected from 26 infants (median birthweight 708g; median gestation 25ϩ6 weeks). The incidence of hypoalbuminaemia (Ͻ25g/l) on admission was 100% and extreme hypoalbuminaemia (Ͻ20g/L) 50%. BD had the weakest correlation with TA (r2ϭ0.25, pϽ0.0001). Correction of the AG demonstrated the best correlation with TA (r2ϭ0.91, pϽ0.0001). Due to the incidence of hypoalbuminaemia, AG underestimated the corrected AG by 5.1mEq/L. Of 95 samples demonstrating TA, 46.3% had BD Ͼ5mEq/L, whereas 75.8% had corrected AG of Ͼ16mEq/L. Corrected AG identified TA on 28 occasions where BD Ͻ5mEq/L.Conclusions: Base deficit is a poor marker of TA in ELBW infants. Hypoalbuminaemia is a universal finding in this population. Failure to correct the anion gap for hypoalbuminaemia may lead to underestimation of TA, which may have treatment implications. Purpose: Thymic size can be affected by glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids increase surfactant synthesis in preterm infants. We assessed the hypothesis that fetal lung maturity in preterm infants correlates with thymus size detected at birth on routine chest radiograph. We also searched for a possible relationship between thymus size, respiratory distress syndrome, and the cord blood cortisol level. THUMUS SIZE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE RESPIRATORY DIS-TRESS SYNDROME AND CORD BLOOD CORTISOL LEVEL IN THE PRE-TERM INFANTSMethods: The cardiothymic/thoracic ratio within 3 hours after birth and cord blood cortisol level were measured in 42 preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Seoul National University Children's Hospital from June 2002 to December 2003. Multiple linear regression analysis was done to assess the relationships between cardiothymic/thoracic ratio, perinatal events and cord blood cortisol. The receiver operation characteristic curve analysis was done to evaluate the cardiothymic/thoracic ratio in the prediction of respiratory distress syndrome.Results: 8 infants (19.0%) developed respiratory di...

Background Although it is clear that childhood obesity has asso-ciation with many aspects included social aspect, the social matu-rity aspect on childhood obesity is scarcely found.Objective To examine the prevalence of social maturity and thepossible associated factors among obese children.Methods A cross sectional study was conducted from January toFebruary 2005. Twenty percent of elementary schools in every sub-district were randomly selected. All obese children from selectedschools were recruited to the study after obtaining the informedconsent. Criteria of obesity in children was based on BMI e”95 thpercentile according to age and sex. Social maturity was measuredusing Vineland Social Maturity Scale, which consisted of 8 catego-ries, i.e., self-help general, self-help eating, self-help dressing, self-direction, occupation, communication, locomotion, and socializa-tion. Social maturity score was determined using age group. Thetotal score was divided into two categories i.e. immature and ma-ture. Possible associated factors with the social maturity such asgender, maternal education less than 9 years, being held back aclass, and parental guidance by step mother were analyzed usingSPSS 10.0 for Windows.Results There were 158 obese children recruited in the study. Theprevalence of social immaturity was 32.5%. The odds ratio (OR)for parental guidance by single parent or others was 2.32 (95%CI1.01;5.31); OR for intelligence was 3.93 (95%CI 1.42;10.89); ORfor male was 2.41 (95%CI 1.08;5.38) and OR for maternal educa-tion less than 9 years was 1.22 (95%CI 0.61;2.41). Multivariateregression, analysis showed significant association between gen-der (for male OR=2.44; 95%CI 1.06;5.58) and intelligence(OR=3.31; 95%CI 1.12;9.84) with social maturity.Conclusion The prevalence of social maturity in obese children ishigh. The factors associated with social maturity among obese chil-dren are the history of had ever been held back a class and male.Further investigation is needed to find out the understanding ofspecific influence of social maturity in the prevalence of obesity.