The aim of SEEP2017 is to bring together the researches within the field of sustainable energy and environmental protection from all over the world.The contributed papers are grouped in 18 sessions in order to provide access to readers out of 300 contributions prepared by authors from 52 countries.We thank the distinguished plenary and keynote speakers and chairs who have kindly consented to participate at this conference. We are also grateful to all the authors for their papers and to all committee members.We believe that scientific results and professional debates shall not only be an incentive for development, but also for making new friendships and possible future scientific development projects. Increasing efforts and resources have been devoted to research during environmental studies, including the assessment of various harmful impacts from industrial, civic, business, transportation and other economy activities. Environmental impacts are usually quantified through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In recent years, footprints have emerged as efficient and useful indicators to use within LCA. The footprint assessment techniques has provided a set of tools enabling the evaluation of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) -including CO2, emissions and the corresponding effective flows on the world scale. From all such indicators, the energy footprint represents the area of forest that would be required to absorb the GHG emissions resulting from the energy consumption required for a certain activity, excluding the proportion absorbed by the oceans, and the area occupied by hydroelectric dams and reservoirs for hydropower.An overview of the virtual GHG flow trends in the international trade, associating the GHG and water footprints with the consumption of goods and services is performed. Several important indications have been obtained: (a) There are significant GHG gaps between producer's and consumer's emissions -US and EU have high absolute net imports GHG budget. (b) China is an exporting country and increasingly carries a load of GHG emission and virtual water export associated with consumption in the relevant importing countries. (c) International trade can reduce global environmental pressure by redirecting import to products produced with lower intensity of GHG emissions and lower water footprints, or producing them domestically.To develop self-sufficient regions based on more efficient processes by combining neighbouring countries can be a promising development. A future direction should be focused on two main areas: (1) To provide the self-sufficient regions based on more efficient processes by combining production of surrounding countries. (2) To develop the shared mechanism and market share of virtual carbon between trading partners regionally and internationally. HAKAN SERHAD SOYHAN 4 Development in energy sector, technological advancements, production and consumption amounts in the countries and environmental awareness give shape to industry of energy. When the dependency is taken into account in terms of natural...

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Carbon dioxide capture potential of sodium metaborate, which is the main product of the process by means of which hydrogen is obtained from sodium borohydride, was investigated. This work aims at both carbon dioxide capture and finding an alternative use for sodium metaborate. The products of this chemical absorption are sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and boric acid; all of which are industrially important chemicals. In this study, the kinetics of the reaction between sodium metaborate and carbon dioxide was investigated at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 17 and 50°C while initial sodium metaborate concentration was changed as 0.5, 1, and 2.5 wt%. The frequency factor and activation energy for this reaction were found as 1.97 × 10−3 m3/mol‐s and 18,062 J/mol, respectively.

With CO2 being accepted as the main cause of the climate change, considerable efforts currently focus on capturing CO2 from major point sources and to store it. Another, better way is to utilize the captured CO2 to produce useful fuels like methane. The Sabatier reaction was studied in this work, using 0.5 % ruthenium on alumina as catalyst. A quartz reactor packed with catalyst particles and placed in a vertical furnace was employed. A stoichiometric ratio of CO2/H2 was used and the temperature was changed between 150 and 400 °C, while the flow rate of the feed gas mixture was varied between 250 and 625 mL min−1, with different amounts of catalyst. The temperature was identified as the major parameter affecting the conversion. Carbon dioxide conversions greater than 85 % were obtained at temperatures higher than 350 °C.

 Structured packing column design and manufacturing  Hydrodynamic characterization of structured packing column  Mass transfer characterization of structured packing columnThis study involves characterization studies of a new structured packed column, designed and manufactured by our own facilities, including hydrodynamics and mass transfer coefficients. Firstly, the maximum and minimum limits of the gas and liquid velocities that can be employed in the column were determined by specifying the loading and flooding points through pressure drop measurements. The individual volumetric physical mass transfer coefficients of the liquid and gas side were obtained experimentally in these ranges.Overall physical volumetric mass transfer coefficients were estimated for CO2-water system according to the two-resistance theory. The experiments were also performed for chemical absorption of CO2 into NaOH solution system. Overall chemical volumetric mass transfer coefficients, Hatta number, enhancement factor and the reaction regime were determined. Finally, the effective interfacial area values were also determined at different gas and liquid velocities. Figure A. Geometry of structured packings and gas side chemical overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients at different gas and liquid velocitiesPurpose: The primary aim was to provide effective carbon dioxide removal from gas streams. A new structured packed column was designed and manufactured with our own capabilities for this purpose and its basic characteristics for hydrodynamics and mass transfer were investigated. Theory and Methods:Hydrodynamic studies included the dry and wet pressure drop experiments. O2 desorption from water and SO2 absorption into NaOH solution methods were used for determining the liquid and gas side individual physical volumetric mass transfer coefficient experiments, respectively. Chemical absorption of CO2 into NaOH solution was studied for determining the overall chemical volumetric mass transfer coefficients, reaction regimes and effective interfacial area at different gas and liquid velocities. Results:Operable ranges for liquid and gas velocities were identified as 0.002-0.0047 [m/s] and 0.07-0.68 [m/s], respectively. Individual and overall mass transfer coefficients and effective interfacial area values were obtained experimentally. Absorption of CO2 into NaOH solution resulted in the fast pseudo first-order regime which was verified by checking the criteria of E≅Ha and Ha>2. Also, the infinite enhancement factor was calculated using both the film and the penetration mass transfer theories. An effective area as high as 225 m 2 /m 3 was achieved. Conclusion:Hydrodynamic and mass transfer characterization of a new genuine structured packing were made successfully. It was concluded that an absorption column with such a packing can be used effectively for carbon dioxide capturing at the source of emission.

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In this study, boric acid production with aqueous phase reaction of sodium metaborate with sulfuric acid is investigated. Sodium metaborate is the byproduct of catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride reaction. It was reacted batchwise at 90 o C for 30 minutes with 98% H2SO4 solution. After the boric acid production, purification was investigated using ethanol, acetone and saturated boric acid solution. 97.78%, 93.13% and 100% pure boric acid products were obtained, respectively. These results, supported by XRD analysis, indicate that the proposed method was successful and it is possible to produce boric acid by reacting sodium metaborate directly with sulfuric acid.

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