Increasing industrial activities trigger the intense use of fossil fuels and increase the number of carbon emissions in the atmosphere. Countries with a high share in current carbon emissions need to expand their use of renewable energy sources. Canada is an important energy producer and consumer globally. In this regard, its decisions are important for the future development of global emissions. This study examines the asymmetric effects of economic growth, renewable energy, and non-renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions in Canada from 1965 to 2017. In the first stage of the analysis, unit root testing was performed for the variables. For this, Lee-Strazicich (2003), ADF and PP unit root tests were used. The nonlinear ARDL method was used to analyze the relationship between variables. and Measures: In order to analyze the relationship between the variables in the established model, renewable energy consumption (%), non-renewable energy consumption (%), and carbon emissions (per capita-Mt). In addition, the economic growth (constant price 2010- US$) parameter was added to the model as a control variable. The findings support that energy consumption, economic growth, and renewable energy have an asymmetric effect on carbon emissions in the long run. The positive shock in renewable energy reduces carbon emissions, and a unit increase in renewable energy reduces carbon emissions by 1.29%. Besides, the negative shock in economic growth greatly deteriorates the quality of the environment; that is, a 1% reduction in economic growth causes emissions to increase by 0.74% in the long run. On the other hand, positive shocks in energy consumption have a positive and significant effect on carbon emissions. A 1% increase in energy consumption causes 1.69% carbon emissions. There are important policy implications for Canada to eliminate carbon emissions, increase the share of renewable energy sources and achieve its economic growth targets. In addition, Canada needs to reduce its consumption of non-renewable energy (such as gasoline coal, diesel, and natural gas).

Climate change has emerged as the most important problem of this century for the world. We can speak of many social, political and economic multi-dimensional impacts of the climate change on humankind. On the one hand, the cities are suffering due to unusual environmental activities, on the other hand the migration due to the degraded environment affect the regional economies. At the same time, climate change is triggering the health problems of the humankind along with the disappearance of many animal species. Similar to these there are many different issues and problems of the climate change. But one problem is differing from the others and this problem is the worst one that humankind ever met: the food problem. Throughout the ages the food problem turned into an economic problem because agriculture becomes an economic sector that produces food. The effects of climate change on agricultural sector have strong influence on world economy. The supply of food decreases with the more frequent extreme weather events. A lot of people have difficulties in getting food and income of the agricultural sector declines. The purpose of the study is to draw attention to this problem. Therefore, the relationship between food prices and CO2 emission was tested by using panel cointegration techniques. Analyze was done by using the annual CPI-food and CO2 emission data of selected 26 OECD countries. The empirical results indicated the effect of the climate change on food prices. In consequence of this effect the policymakers must set more efficient policies.

The details of the impact of exports on economic growth have been one of the most important topics in the literature. Numerous studies asserted that open economies grow faster than the closed ones because of the effect of the exports on GDP and increase of productivity and efficiency through foreign competition. Concurrently, these studies indicated that there are strong correlation exists between exports and economic growth. On the other hand, high share of production of technology in today's economies is the key for sustainable and high rates of growth and the relationship between technology exports and economic growth has been a topic of interest among economists. Many studies in the literature published on export-led hypothesis in recent years but only few studies addressed the technological issues. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of technology exports on economic growth of selected OECD countries using dynamic panel method. We established the model by using the yearly data of 2003-2015 periods for selected OECD countries provided by OECD.Stat. As a conclusion, it is revealed that technology exports have positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth. These results implied that high-tech exports led to growth in selected OECD countries. These results suggested that promoting the production of technology is one the drivers of the economic growth.

Income inequality is a major economic problem for all developed or developing countries. Income inequality can be international, or among different regions within the country, even among individuals. Turkey is also known to be confronted with this problem and possible to see differences in income between different regions. Therefore, understanding income inequality and reasons that lie behind the problem became the primary research interests of the literature. In macroeconomic perspective, unemployment and inflation are two interconnected economic variables that may affect income inequality. Many of the researchers have tried to examine the impact of inflation and unemployment on income inequality and analyzed the role of government in controlling inflation, unemployment, and income. Certainly, parts of the macroeconomic aims which the government struggles to accomplish the economic growth, full employment, and stable domestic price level. These aims are pursued in order to advance mass welfare. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the literature using the asymmetric model to examine the impact of inflation and unemployment on income inequality in Turkey utilizing annual data. In order to examine this impact, Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag(NARDL) model was used to analyze the nonlinear relationships between variables. It is investigated the asymmetric relationship between the variables and estimated short and long term coefficients. Accordingly, the light of the conclusion of the current study should introduce new ideas to policymakers which promote economic growth and development in the country so that income inequality can be reduced.

Productivity is one of the major research topics in economic literature because of the importance of sustainable development and growth for the countries. Besides, many of the theories stated that technology is the major source of productivity growth in the long run. Especially the productivity acceleration of the countries draw the attention of the researchers after the 90’s due to the changes in the technology. Also, these changes expanded the productivity gap between countries in the consequences of changing growth pattern and increasing the size and structure of the economy. Therefore understanding the linkage between research and development and productivity becomes the most important research topic in the economic literature. Due to this importance analyzing the characteristics of productivity become an important issue for the policymakers for setting new policies. By virtue of the growing importance of understanding productivity changes of countries, the aim of this paper is to investigate the interaction between the research and development spending and productivity for Turkey. We used various types of research and development spending and productivity indicators to estimate this linkage using data for the last three decades. The importance of this paper is to clarify the effect of research and development impact on the productivity of Turkey. The results of this paper will enlighten the details of the underlying variables that affect productivity.