Abstract:In this research, a set of experiments was carried out for identifying the optimum conditions of independent variables affecting phenolic content extraction efficiency and antioxidant activity of soybean seeds (Glycine max L.). They included the use of different organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone); concentrations of solvent (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 v/v, %); the soybean-to-solvent ratio (1:4, 1:6; 1:8 and 1:10) and the number extraction cycles (2, 3 and 4); the extraction time (2, 3 and 4 hours) and the temperature (30, 40, 50 and 60 o C). The extraction abilities of phenolics manifested in forms of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC) as well as the antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) were used as assessment indicators. Generally, high extraction yield was obtained using aqueous acetone 70% as solvent; the most suitable soybean-to-solvent ratio was 1:6 for 3 cycles of extraction. The extraction yield could further be increased using a prolonged time of 3 hours at the temperature of 40°C.

Abstract:The hepatoprotective activities of silk tofu made from germinated and non germinated soybeans at different doses of feeding against CCl 4 induced hepatic cell toxicity in mice was investigated in this study. The heptatoprotective activity was analyzed by assessing the ratio of liver weight to body weight (L/B), the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterols (TC), the hepatic malondehydyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and vitamin C levels as well as the histopathological analysis of liver tissue. All types of silk tofu significantly reduced the L/B value; ALT activity, total cholesterol, hepatic MDA and PC levels, beside, liver vitamin C content increased compared to CCl 4 intoxicated mice. Silk tofu made from germinated soybeans expressed higher hepatoprotective activity as compared to silk tofu made from non germinated soybeans. Mice fed with silk tofu made from germinated soybeans at the dose of 0.4 g/g body weight/day displayed all biochemical parameters as well as the liver tissue histopathological analysis that were similar to that of normal mice and silymarin treated mice. It was suggested that tofu specially made from germinated soybeans expressed great hepatoprotective effect.

The present study investigated the effect of different drying methods on the drying kinetics and antioxidant activity of pink lotus flowers to identify the suitable drying models describe the dehydration as well as drying conditions giving minimum loss of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant properties of product. Samples were dried by Freeze Drying (FD), Oven Drying (OD) at 40, 50 and 60 o C, Microwave Drying (MWD) with the powers of 140, 420 and 700 W. Drying kinetics from OD and MWD were analyzed mathematically and the dehydration data was statistically analyzed to obtain best fit among all available models basing on coefficient of determinations (R 2), reduced chi-square (χ 2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The dried lotus flowers were analyzed Total Polyphenol Contents (TPC), Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC) and Antioxidant Activity (AA). It was found that the Midilli et al. model is the most appropriate model for drying behavior of samples by both OD and MWD. The activation energies of drying were 56.29 kJ/mol and 6.48 W/g for OD and MWD, respectively. FD was found to be the best method to give the highest antioxidant activity for lotus flowers and the next one was the OD at 50 o C.

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