Although the concept of migration and international education is not completely new, the sudden and dramatic expansion of the global education system has created a situation in some western countries in which the growth in international student populations has far outstripped domestic students. For example, the numbers of international students studying in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom have steadily increased over the past 20 years (Sá & Sabzalieva, 2018). Furthermore, the political, demographic and economic conditions in source countries have shaped a stronger desire for individuals to utilize international education as a pathway to immigrate to western countries (Liu-Farrer, 2009;Thomas & Inkpen, 2017). With the ensuing expansion of the global education
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