The ongoing global financial crisis is just a repeat of financial crises which have occurred one after another since the England crisis in 1825. The crises have subsided in the period under Bretton Woods Agreements (BWA) in 1950-1972, with the implementation of gold standard. The crises have reemerged with the collapse of BWA in 1971, and up to 2011 there are 421 financial crises covering 147 banking crises, 218 currency crises (10 episodes in 2008-2011), and 66 sovereign debt crisis, including 68 twin crises and 8 triplet crises (Laeven and Valencia, 2012). These repeated man-made financial crises happened due to the transgressions of God's laws in financial dealings, especially in the abandonment of main pillars of Islamic financial system, namely prohibition of ribā (usury or interest), prohibition of maysir (game of chance or speculation) and prohibition of gharar (excessive uncertainty), in their many forms, as well as due to misbehaviors of economic actors, poor governance and unsustainable fiscal system. This study will apply Analytic Network Process (ANP) to determine the main root causes of financial crisis from Islamic economic perspective which will be grouped into five clusters, namely: Misbehavior, External Factor, Poor Governance, Unstable Monetary System and Unsustainable Fiscal System. Each cluster will have six relevant elements obtained from literatures and in-depth interviews with several experts. The ANP results show that the main root causes of financial crisis from Islamic economic perspective are Social Instability (EXTERNAL FACTOR), Speculation (MISBEHAVIOR), Ineffective Fiscal System (UNSUSTAINABLE FISCAL SYSTEM), Hedonism (MISBEHAVIOR), Fractional Reserve Banking System (UNSTABLE MONETARY SYSTEM), Political Instability (EXTERNAL FACTOR), Corruption (POOR GOVERNANCE), Interest Rate (UNSTABLE MONETARY SYSTEM), Fiat Money (UNSTABLE MONETARY SYSTEM), and Wrong Man in the Wrong Place (POOR GOVERNANCE). These main root causes should be removed gradually in order to systematically and gradually improve the stability of financial system so that financial crisis will not reappear again and again in the future.
This paper analyzes the liquidity of banks, both precautionary and involuntary liquidity. We apply dynamic panel estimation on individual bank data covering the period of Januari 2002 to November 2011. The result shows that precautionary liquidity is more determined by the operation of the bank. On the other hand, the involuntary liquidity is more affected by the financial system condition. Related to the size, the effect of the financial system condition and the macroeconomy is larger for the small banks. Moreover, the monetary policy in the form minimum reserve requirement affects the precautionary liquidity of the small banks; while the central bank rate is less influential to the bank liquidity. Keywords: Banking, Liquidity, General Method of Moment JEL classification: G21, G11, C33
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana analisis aktivitas pembelajaran biologi pada materi virus berbasis daring (melalui aplikasi Google Clasroom) di masa Pandemic Covid-19 pada siswa kelas X IPS 3 di SMA N 1 TAWANGSARI. Jenis penelitian menggunakan kualitatif deskripstif, karena penulis tidak membuktikan ataupun menolak hipotesis yang dibuat sebelum penulisan tetapi dalam mengolah data dan menganalisis suatu masalah secara non numerik, metode pengambilan data menggunakan wawancara, lembar observasi dan dokumentasi dalam melihat aktivitas pembelajaran biologi selama masa Pandemic Covid-19. Hasil penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana perencanaan aktivitas pembelajaran, proses pembelajaran dan penilaian aktivitas pembelajaran selama masa Pandemic Covid-19.
This paper analyzes the liquidity of banks, both precautionary and involuntary liquidity. We apply dynamic panel estimation on individual bank data covering the period of Januari 2002 to November 2011. The result shows that precautionary liquidity is more determined by the operation of the bank. On the other hand, the involuntary liquidity is more affected by the financial system condition. Related to the size, the effect of the financial system condition and the macroeconomy is larger for the small banks. Moreover, the monetary policy in the form minimum reserve requirement affects the precautionary liquidity of the small banks; while the central bank rate is less influential to the bank liquidity. Keywords: Banking, Liquidity, General Method of MomentJEL classification: G21, G11, C33
Dewasa ini lembaga keuangan di Amerika Serikat menghadapi isu strategis berupa pembentukan-kembali (reshaping) industri jasa keuangan. Perkembangan teknologi mempengaruhi produksi dan distribusi jasa keuangan, globalisasi mendorong pasar meningkatkan transaksi tanpa batas negara (cross-border), reformasi sistem peraturan mengesampingkan batasan ekspansi geografis dan kombinasi antar bisnis menciptakan peluang baru, termasuk risiko baru, bagi lembaga keuangan. Pada saat yang sama lembagalembaga keuangan memunculkan strategi korporasi baru yang masing-masing memilih fokus strategi bisnis yang akan ditekuni. Terdapat dua strategi utama yang mengemuka di antara pelaku lembaga keuangan dewasa ini, pertama spesialisasi, yaitu lembaga keuangan hanya akan fokus pada satu paket jasa yang menjadi produk utama (andalan) untuk target pasar utamanya; kedua, lembaga keuangan besar biasanya secara aktif mengembangkan strategi diversifikasi dengan cara menawarkan serangkaian jasa dan produk untuk target pasar yang lebih luas.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.