Cross-border companies' mobility is issue which has been gaining public attention in Europe since the end of the 1980's. Although it is clear, from the wording of the articles 49 and 54 of the TFEU, that companies should benefit from a freedom of establishment, in practice, the scope of this freedom is quite unclear. Companies wishing to move abroad are usually facing insurmountable obstacles which are still, more than 30 years after the famous Daily Mail case, very present. The recent EU legislative activity may finally bring this problem to an end. In April 2018 the European Commission proposed new rules on cross-border mobility. By enacting the Proposal of the Directive on cross-border conversions, mergers and divisions European Commission introduced important novelties to the cross-border mobility with an aim to simplify procedures, bring legal certainty and create such a legal environment which will enable companies to operate easily on the Single Market. In this paper authors will analyse only the rules of the Proposal that apply to cross-border conversions of companies. The new Proposal on cross-border conversions seem to be an adequate tool for companies that wish to convert abroad. However, the process of conversion is far from being simple. It is a very specific, multi-layered process which involves different stakeholders and authorities and requires their coordinated action. Authors will provide for a critical overview of the proposed legal solutions with special respect to the recent ECJ decision in Polbud case, in which the ECJ reaffirm the right of companies to cross-border conversion.
Faktični koncerni zbog svoje tržišne moći imaju izrazitu gospodarsku važnost. Implikacije faktičnog koncerna na pravni sustav zahtijevaju postavljanje jasne distinkcije u odnosu na druge pravne oblike povezanih društava i druge vrste koncerna. Cilj je ovog rada obraditi pojam faktičnoga koncerna na pravnoteorijskoj i praktičnoj razini. Metodološka obrada sastoji se u analiziranju pravnih izvora i sudske prakse pri čemu se nastojalo uočiti bitna obilježja faktičnog koncerna i shvatiti njegovu pravnu prirodu kako bi se lakše uočilo u kojim se situacijama radi o faktičnom koncernu. Svrha rada odnosno, preciznijeg određenja faktičnog koncerna u biti je ključna pri kvalifikaciji obveza koje proizlaze iz koncernske konstelacije trgovačkih društava. Pritom je bitno obratiti pažnju na terminologiju kada se govori o faktičnim koncernima u odnosu na druge skupove povezanih društava, kako ne bi došlo do zabluda o tomu koji je subjekt konkretno nositelj prava i obveza unutar faktičnog koncerna. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da pitanje faktičnog koncerna nije dovoljno istraživano, te da postoji izvjesna nedovoljna pravna reguliranost ovog pojma, budući da nijedan zakon u Republici Hrvatskoj ne spominje izravno termin faktični koncern.
In the paper the author analyses the procedure for interim measures and the suspension of the decision in Croatian and EU competition law. The subject of analysis are the substantive and procedural aspects of both legal remedies with references to relevant case law. The author reflects on evident doubts that occur with regard to the application of interim measures and the suspension of the decision in competition cases before the High Administrative Court of Republic of Croatia. The author also emphasizes potential problems that may occur in domestic legal practice due to underregulation of the pertinent legal institutes in relevant codes. The author also takes a look at the rules and procedures for interim measures and the suspension of the decision in EU law. The author concludes that those rules may serve as a possible legislative model for future amendments of existing Croatian laws.
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