Many animals exhibit different behaviors in different seasons. The photoperiod can have effects on migration, breeding, fur growth, and other processes. The cyclic growth of the fur and feathers of some species of mammals and birds, respectively, is stimulated by the photoperiod as a result of hormone-dependent regulation of the nervous system. To further examine this phenomenon, we evaluated the Arbas Cashmere goat (Capra hircus), a species that is often used in this type of research. The goats were exposed to an experimentally controlled short photoperiod to study the regulation of cyclic cashmere growth. Exposure to a short photoperiod extended the anagen phase of the Cashmere goat hair follicle to increase cashmere production. Assessments of tissue sections indicated that the short photoperiod significantly induced cashmere growth. This conclusion was supported by a comparison of the differences in gene expression between the short photoperiod and natural conditions using gene chip technology. Using the gene chip data, we identified genes that showed altered expression under the short photoperiod compared to natural conditions, and these genes were found to be involved in the biological processes of hair follicle growth, structural composition of the hair follicle, and the morphogenesis of the surrounding skin appendages. Knowledge about differences in the expression of these genes as well as their functions and periodic regulation patterns increases our understanding of Cashmere goat hair follicle growth. This study also provides preliminary data that may be useful for the development of an artificial method to improve cashmere production by controlling the light cycle, which has practical significance for livestock breeding.
The cashmere goat (Capra hircus) is famous for the fine quality cashmere wool. The cashmere is produced by secondary hair follicle that the growth shows seasonal rhythm. Thus, in this study, the skin of cashmere goat was selected as a model to illustrate the circannual rhythm of skin. The whole length skin transcriptome mixed from selected four months was obtained by PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing (SMRT) technology. We generated 82,382 high quality non-redundant transcripts belonging to 193,310 genes, including 4,237 novel genes. Other 39 skin transcriptomes sampled from Dec. 2014 to Dec. 2015 were sequenced by Illumina Hi-Seq2500, we found 980 genes were differentially expressed. Of these genes, 403 seasonal rhythm genes (SRGs) were expressed and exhibited a seasonal pattern in skin. The results also showed that miRNAs were differentially expressed as the daylight length changed throughout a year. Some SRG genes related to the hormone secretion and eyes morphogenesis were enriched in skin. These genes gradually increased their expression level under short light, reached the peak near the summer solstice, and then began to decline. We found that the expression of Dio1 gene may be affected by the photoperiod that induces transformation from the inactive T4 to active thyroid hormone T3 in the skin and led to the difference between the skin circannual rhythm and the core circannual rhythm. Furthermore, the skin expressed eye morphogenesis-related genes and miRNAs, which suggested some cells in the skin could have the potential of light sensitivity. These results revealed that SRGs could regulate the downstream gene expression and physiological process in the skin to adapt to the season change. (SCN ) is common in fish [4, 5]. Miki Tanioka et al. first found fluctuating biomolecular clocks in the skin of mice [6]. However, subsequent studies found that both rat dermal fibroblasts [7] and human keratinocytes cultured in vitro have the same rhythm as the peripheral biological clock, and the external environment (drugs, serum) can affect the biological clock of cells cultured in vitro[8-10]. The circadian clocks of individual cells cultured in vitro are controlled by themselves, and the circadian clocks can be transmitted to the progeny cells through the process of cell division and proliferation [11]. Different types of cells in the skin have different biological clockphases. The whole biological clock in the skin is formed by the coordination of various types of cell biological clock genes [12]. Therefore, the biological clock in the skin is very complex and has memory potential, which is easily affected by light.The economic performance of livestock is mostly related to seasonal rhythm, especially the animals living in the temperate zone. Animals rely on environmental cues to judge the coming season, in order to synchronously change physiological conditions and phenotypic behavior along with environmental condition alterations, It is generally accepted that mammals perceive the light and darkness of the ...
BackgroundThe cashmere goat (Capra hircus) is famous for the fine quality cashmere wool. The cashmere is produced by secondary hair follicle that shows seasonal rhythm in growth. Thus, in this study, the skin of cashmere goat was selected as a model to illustrate the circannual rhythm of skin. ResultsThe skin whole length transcriptome obtained by PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing (SMRT) technology were mixed from four selected months. The transcriptome yielded 82,382 high quality non-redundant transcripts belonging to 193,310 genes, including 4,237 novel genes. Other 39 skin transcriptomes sequenced by Illumina Hi-Seq2500 were sampled from Dec. 2014 to Dec. 2015, from which we found 980 genes were differentially expressed. Of these genes, 403 seasonal rhythm genes (SRGs) were expressed and exhibited a seasonal pattern in skin. Some SRG genes related to the hormone secretion and eyes morphogenesis were enriched in skin. These SRG genes gradually increased their expression level under short light, reached the peak near the summer solstice, and then began to decline. We found that the expression of Dio1 gene may be affected by the photoperiod that induces transformation from the inactive T4 to active thyroid hormone T3 in the skin and led to the difference between the skin circannual rhythm and the core circannual rhythm. The results also showed that miRNAs were differentially expressed as the daylight length changed throughout a year. Furthermore, the skin expressed eye morphogenesis-related genes and miRNAs, which suggested some cells in the skin could have the potential of light sensitivity. ConclusionTaking together, these results revealed that SRGs could regulate the downstream gene expression and physiological process in the skin to adapt to the season change. We provided a hypothesis to describe how goat skin makes the own rhythm and gets the clue from the environment factor.
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic regulatory form that regulates gene expression and tissue development. This study compared the effects of high fiber, low protein (HFLP) and low fiber, high protein (LFHP) diets on the DNA methylation profile of twin lambs’ muscles, their effect on glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and related pathways by transcriptome and deep whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Results identified 1,945 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and 1,471 differentially methylated genes (DMGs). Also, 487 differentially expressed transcripts belonging to 368 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered between the twin lambs under different diets. Eleven overlapped genes were detected between the DEGs and the DMGs. FKBP5 and FOXO1 were detected to be significantly different. The FOXO1 regulated cAMP and the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. The glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and the FOXO pathways were significantly enriched. The expressions of HOMER1 and FOXO1 in the HFLP group were significantly higher than those in the LFHP group. There is a significant correlation between the upregulated gene expression and hypomethylation of HOMER1 and FOXO1 gene in HFLP group. The results showed that FOXO1 induces PDK4 expression in muscle while regulating FKBP5 activity, which stimulates glucose production by activating specific gluconeogenesis target genes. The FOXO1 was able to regulate the glucose metabolism, the cAMP and the occurrence of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. This study showed that feed type can affect the methylation levels of the glycolysis related gluconeogenesis genes and interaction pathways, providing new ideas for a better understanding of the regulation of muscle energy metabolism and feed development.
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