Background: Pleural effusion is due to excessive accumulation of pleural fluid in the pleural space that exceeds the physiological amount. Pleura effusion imaging technique will play important role in diagnosis and subsequent management of the disease. Ultra sound (US) is a non radiation technique and it can be used in immediate application at the point of care. Methods: A Prospective study. Study, containing 60 pleural effusion cases. Demographic data was collected followed by history regarding current health status, history of medication, alcoholism and Active smoking. In all the subjects, chest radiography posteroanterior data was obtained. Conventional CT of the chest was performed and ultrasound scan was recorded for each participant. Results: In the present study encysted effusions, pleural thicknees, pleural mass and consolidation are less diagnosed by chest x-ray compared with ultrasound. The number of pleural effusions, encysted effusions, pleural thicknees, pleural mass and consolidation are equally diagnosed by ultrasound and computed tomography. The number of unilateral and bilateral are equally diagnosed by ultrasound and computed tomography. Conclusion:Present study finding suggested that ultrasound is an easy accessible method for detection of pleural effusion and it is very helpful in detection of encysted effusions, pleural thickness, pleural mass and pleural nodules. Ultrasound will not only helpful in diagnosis of pleural effusion it will also useful in the management of pleural effusions.

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Background: Benign lesions in the past were thought to be hyperechogenic lesions on ultrasonography. Recently, this conception has been changed where various malignant breast lesions were hyperechogenic on ultrasound and hyperechogenic lesions turned out to be malignant on histopathologic examination. Aim: The present retrospective clinical study was conducted to assess the clinical presentation, frequency, and related imaging finding of hyperechoic malignant breast lesions in cases with core needle biopsies guided ultrasonographically, and also, to assess ultrasonographic features that help in the prediction of the hyperechoic lesion to be malignant. Methods: In a total of 2255 subjects, an ultrasonographically guided core needle biopsy was done for 2168 subjects. The hyperechoic carcinomas were identified among all the assessed cases diagnosed by ultrasonography-guided core needle biopsy was calculated. For malignant lesions, imaging malignancy predictors were identified using 6 ultrasonography images comparison in malignant and high-risk cases. The sonographic findings assessed were orientation, vascularity, shape, posterior acoustic features, margins, and echogenicity. The results were formulated after the statistical evaluation. Results: A total of 2255 ultrasonographically guided core needle biopsy was done for 2168 subjects where 52.01% (n=1173) lesions were benign, 40.97% (n=924) were malignant, and 7% (n=158) were high risk. The study results have shown that in total 2255 lesions assessed, 0.57% (n=13) lesions were hyperechoic in 13 females after analyzing the image. In 924 malignant lesions 0.97% (n=9) lesions were hyperechoic. Circumscribed margins were seen in 62.5% (n=5) and non-circumscribed by 37,5% (n=3) study subjects with benign lesions, and by 100% (n=5) subjects with malignant lesions (p=0.007). For the shape of the lesions, more malignant lesions had irregular and lobular margins 100 (n=5) lesions, whereas, in benign lesions, 87.5 (n=7) had irregular/lobular margins (p=0.002). Conclusion:The present study concludes that hyperechoic breast lesions on ultrasonography have less prevalence of 0.57% (n=13) lesions in the present study. Hence, hyperechoic breast lesions are less encountered on sonography. However, whenever these hyperechoic lesions are seen, the probability of malignancy should not be excluded.

In Chronic Kidney Disease leading factor for morbidity and mortality is Cardiovascular disease. In CKD there is a risk of cardiovascular complications more than 50%. Dyslipidemia is one of leading risk cause for cardiovascular complication in normal healthy individual and also in chronic kidney disease. The Study contains 180 in which 45 as control group and 135 will be CKD individuals with stage 3 to stage 5 each stage consist of 45 each. In all the subjects Serum sample was estimated for blood urea, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, and HDL-C by using fully automatic chemistry analyzer. VLDL, LDL and AIP was calculated. GFR was estimated by MDRD formula. Data was expressed by Mean ±SD. The mean value of triglycerides and VLDL in serum are raised in CKD stages 3 to stage 5 compared with control and it is shown statistically significant (p<0.001). The HDL-C mean value is decreased in CKD stages 3 to stage 5 when compared with control and it is shown statistically significant (p<0.0001). The mean value of serum total cholesterol and LDL-C is not significantly significant in CKD stages 3 to stage 5 compared with control.