Results: Out of the 310 students who participated in the study, 298 (96.1%) returned an appropriately completed questionnaire (Male-56%). The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 48.0%. A significant majority (77.7%) had moderate to high level of perceived stress and the mean CGPA (SD) was 3.84 (2.03). About one-fourth had a high risk for psychopathology. The global sleep quality score was positively correlated with perceived stress level (R=0.187, p=0.001) and risk of psychopathology (R=0.453, p <0.001 Introduction: Sleep disturbance is common within psychosis, and it is found to be predictive of future diagnoses of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, there has been no comprehensive synthesis of non-clinical psychosis-like and hypomanic-like experiences and sleep disturbances. The present review aimed to identify and assess the causal nature of sleep disturbances within non-clinical psychosis-like and hypomanic-like experiences. Methods: On September 2016, a systematic literature review of MedLine and PsycInfo identified studies in the general population which reported a validated measure of sleep and psychosis-like or hypomanic-like experiences. A total of 5643 manuscripts were identified in the initial search and 45 were retained for this review. Effect sizes were calculated to assess the magnitude of associations between sleep and circadian variables and psychosis-like and hypomanic-like experiences. However, a full meta-analysis was not appropriate given heterogeneity of study designs. Results:The results showed that insomnia was associated with all individual psychosis-like and hypomania-like experiences reviewed. Parasomnias, nightmare frequency, nightmare distress and individual sleep stages were associated with psychosis-like experiences but there was evidence of variation in magnitude between individual experiences. Sleep manipulation studies highlighted a potential causal link between sleep loss and psychosis-like experiences but limitations in methodology made it hard to draw definite conclusions at this time. Finally, a dysregulation of circadian rhythms was found in the hypomania-like but not psychosis-like experiences. However, gaps in the literature made it difficult to make strong comparisons between these two non-clinical experience clusters. Conclusion:The review found that sleep disturbances were linked to non-clinical psychosis-like experiences but there are currently gaps in the literature which makes it hard to make direct comparisons between individual psychosis-like experiences. Introduction: Sleep spindle density has shown good test-retest reliability in nocturnal sleep and in naps. Additionally, both nocturnal sleep and naps enhance memory consolidation. However, research on the reliability of spindle density and memory enhancement between nocturnal sleep and naps is lacking. If naps provide reliable estimates of nocturnal sleep spindle density and overnight memory consolidation, future studies of spindles and sleep-dependent memory consolidation can be tested using naps rathe...
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