Although women are comprised almost half of the human population, still their experiences as a minority within the larger social framework, affect the affective and behavioral aspects of their personality including social cynicism. Unfortunately, social cynicism had never been empirically studied from the perspective of women, especially indigenously. By applying a qualitative approach, this study explored an indigenous understanding of social cynicism in a sample of (N=20) young adult women through a focus group discussion (n=6) and open-ended questionnaires (n=14), respectively. Five central themes emerged after the thematic analysis of the transcribed data that included gender inequality and exploitation, misrepresentation and misinformation, negative beliefs and generalizations, authority and control, and lastly, safety and security concerns. The findings showed several distinctive and indigenous themes like paternal authoritarianism, religion-based misinterpretation and sense of imminent danger while a few sub-themes were consistent with the previous literature. By exploring the construct of social cynicism in women, this study had not only broadened the limits of existing research literature on this construct but its themes could be applied for indigenous theory and scale development.
The current study aimed to develop an indigenous, valid and reliable perceived stigmatization in sports scale for female athletes (PSSSFA). Eight in-depth, detailed and semi-structured interviews were conducted with female athletes, whereas, the preliminary item pool of twenty items was administered on 125 female university athletes. The age was 18-24 years (M= 21, SD=1.6). The process of scale development depended upon two phases. The first phase was about construct conceptualization through interviews and the second phase consisted of examining factor structure and reliability of the scale. Perceived Stigmatization in Sports Scale for Female Athletes was developed in Urdu. Total 20 items were developed but the final scale included 18 items with five-point rating scale. On the basis of scree plot and Eigen values, three factors were extracted: Family Stigmatization included 6 items and had .82 reliability, Social Stigmatization included 5 items and had .75 reliability and Effect on Performance included 7 items and had .76 reliability. The overall Cronbach alpha value was .88. The findings of the study tended to investigate factors affecting the perceived stigmatization associated with female athletes and these results would help in providing awareness regarding challenges being faced by female athletes in their respective sports.
The current study aimed to find out relationship between job crafting and job satisfaction in teachers and also to determine whether a teacher's attitude towards money had a mediating role between job satisfaction and job crafting. The following hypotheses were proposed: a) job satisfaction, attitude towards money and co-variances would likely have a significant relationship b) attitude towards money would likely significantly predict job satisfaction; and c) attitude towards money would likely act as a mediator between job crafting and job satisfaction. The sample consisted of 150 school teachers (N=150) with an age range of 20 to 55 years employed via non-probability purposive sampling approach. Assessment measures included Job Crafting Questionnaire (Slemp & Vella-Brodrick, 2013), Money Attitude Questionnaire (Lay & Furnham, 2018) and Job Satisfaction Scale (Macdonald & Macintyre, 1997) with .91, .91 and .89 alpha reliability coefficient respectively. The data was collected online via Google form from the potential participants. Results revealed that the association between money attitude and job satisfaction is not correlated, however, there is a highly significant and positive relationship between job crafting and satisfaction with one's job. Job crafting exhibited a favorable and highly significant prediction of job satisfaction, however, money attitude has no significant results and so do not suggest any prediction of job satisfaction. Moreover, the link between job satisfaction and money attitude was completely mediated by the money attitude. For young adults, researchers, counselors, and educational psychologists; these indigenous results would have substantial implications for awareness, policy making, and future research endeavors.
The current research investigated the relationship among identity management strategies, sports fandom and para-social relationships in cricket fans. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship among identity management strategies, sports fandom and para-social relationships while sports fandom would mediate between identity management strategies and para-social relationships. By employing a cross-sectional correlational research design, a sample of (N = 120) cricket fans with an age range of (18-30) years (M = 22.34, SD = 2.62) was recruited through non-probability purposive sampling technique. Study variables were assessed through the Basking in Reflected Glory Scale (Spinda, 2009), Cutting off Reflected Failure Scale (Spinda, 2009), Sport Spectator Identification Scale (Gwinner & Swanson, 2003) and Celebrity-Persona Identification Scale (Brown & Bocarnea, 2007). Results revealed a positive association among all study variables while sports fandom was found to partially mediate identity management strategies and para-social relationships in cricket fans. Findings have interdisciplinary implications within the fields of group dynamics; sports sciences, sociology and social psychology as it is a research-based, empirical addition to existing indigenous literature regarding cricket that is the most popular game in the country. Also, it highlights the respective association and predictive value of the study variables which can be further investigated across other games, as well as across disciplines.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.