1. The discharge of impulses in afferent fibres dissected from the infraorbital and ulnar nerves of anaesthetized cats was recorded during controlled movements of the maxillary and carpal sinus hairs.2. Four main types of afferent units were identified. Two had slowly adapting responses characteristic of the epidermal type I, and dermal type II mechanoreceptors of the hairy skin. Two rapidly adapting responses to movement of the sinus hairs were found, one with a high velocity threshold and another with a low velocity threshold.3. The slowly adapting units showed a power relationship between the degree of displacement of the hair and the mean interspike interval of the response. Slowly adapting units also exhibited a power relationship between the velocity of displacement of a hair and the mean interspike interval of the response.4. The conduction velocities of all types of afferent units were measured and fell in the range of the Aalpha, fast myelinated fibres.5. Movements of the carpal sinus hairs yielded both types of slowly adapting response recorded in fibres of the ulnar nerve directly innervating the carpal sinus hair follicles, and rapidly adapting responses from Pacinian corpuscles, found in close association with, but external to, these follicles.6. On the basis of the findings in this study and the results of anatomical investigations of the receptor structures in the sinus hair follicle a correlation between the distinguishable afferent responses and the morphologically identifiable nerve endings has been proposed.

The National Criminal Justice Treatment Practices (NCJTP) survey provides a comprehensive inquiry into the nature of programs and services provided to adult and juvenile offenders involved in the justice system in the United States. The multilevel survey design covers topics such as the mission and goals of correctional and treatment programs; organizational climate and culture for providing services; organizational capacity and needs; opinions of administrators and staff regarding rehabilitation, punishment, and services provided to offenders; treatment policies and procedures; and working relationships between correctional and other agencies. The methodology generates national estimates of the availability of programs and services for offenders. This article details the methodology and sampling frame for the NCJTP survey, response rates, and survey procedures. Prevalence estimates of juvenile and adult offenders under correctional control are provided with externally validated comparisons to illustrate the veracity of the methodology. Limitations of the survey methods are also discussed.

Despite consensus about the value of substance abuse treatment for delinquent youth, information about its prevalence and availability is inadequate and inconsistent. This article presents findings about treatment and other correctional service provision from a national survey of directors of 141 juvenile institutional and community corrections (CC) facilities. Educational/General Educational Development programming and drug and alcohol education were the most prevalent types of correctional and substance abuse services. Other common services included physical health services and mental health assessment, provided to about 60% of youth across facilities, and mental health counseling, life and communication skills, and anger management, provided to about half of the youth. Substance abuse treatment, as with most other services, were more prevalent in large, state-funded residential facilities (where 66% provided treatment) than in local detention centers (20%) and CC facilities (56%). More detailed data showed that the number of youth attending treatment in all types of facilities on any given day was very low.

Despite the proliferation of drug courts and other mandatory treatment models, few studies have compared the impact of different program features comprising these models. This study compared three groups of clients (N = 330) mandated to the same long-term residential treatment facilities. Study participants were referred from two highly structured programs or from more conventional legal sources, such as probation or parole agents. Analyses showed that these clients varied substantially in their perceptions of legal pressure, and these perceptions generally corresponded to the programs' different coercive policies and practices. Retention analyses confirmed that the odds of staying in treatment for six months or more was nearly three times greater for clients in the most coercive program compared to clients in the third group. Results support the use of structured protocols for informing clients about legal contingencies of participation and how that participation will be monitored, and developing the capacity to enforce threatened consequences for failure.

The use of screening and assessment tools to gauge substance abuse disorders and the risk for recidivism are two widely recommended practices. A national survey of adult prisons, jails, and community correctional agencies was conducted to examine the practices used to place offenders in appropriate treatment services. Study findings indicate that 58.2% of the surveyed respondents report the use of a standardized substance abuse-screening tool, and that 34.2% use an actuarial risk tool. The provision of higher intensity treatment programs, the use of standardized risk tools, and the provision of more community referral services were all independently associated with the use of a standardized substance abuse-screening tool. Because practices vary considerably, agencies desiring to improve correctional programming should consider different dissemination, implementation, and technology transfer strategies.

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We have prepared Lactobacillus casei dihydrofolate reductase containing biosynthetically incorporated (2S,4S)-5-fluoroleucine ([5-F]-Leu DHFR) and have obtained its 1H and 19F NMR spectra at 9.4 Tesla. The 19F spectrum of [5-F]-Leu DHFR showed 12 fairly sharp peaks (one containing two overlapped signals) for the 13 leucine residues in DHFR, covering a chemical shift range of 15 ppm. The large range of chemical shifts observed could not be explained solely in terms of the electrostatic field effects due to local charge fields and is thought to have a second contribution from side-chain conformational differences (γ-gauche effects) between different leucine residues, making 19F NMR of aliphatic amino acids in proteins a potentially useful new probe of protein structure.

The crystal structure of thymidine (CIoN2OsH14) has been determined from data collected on a Hilger and Watts linear diffractometer and a Wooster four-circle diffractometer. Thymidine is orthorhombic, space group P2~2121, with the following cell dimensions: a= 4.860_ 0.005, b = 13.91 _+ 0.01 and c= 16.32 +_ 0.01/~. The structure was solved by a Patterson interpretation method and the positional and thermal parameters were refined by the method of least-squares. The carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atom thermal parameters were refined anisotropically. The final R value for the 1230 observed reflexions is 0.066 and the average standard deviations in the bond lengths and angles are about 0.006/~, and 0.4 ° respectively.