SummaryThis study examined the development of shared mental models in software development teams over time. Contrary to predictions, team members' mental models about the group's work and each other's expertise did not become more similar over time. Structural equation modelling revealed that as role differentiation increased in these teams, it led to a decrease in interaction and a corresponding decline in shared mental models. Implications for research on shared cognition and team development are explored.

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This article describes issues that should be considered in the development of a theory or theories about incentives from which testable hypotheses could be derived. Economic, psychological, and organizational theories are described, and issues that should be considered in hypothesis generation are presented. Psychological factors influencing incentives include decision framing, regret, heuristics, and reinforcements. Organizational factors influencing incentives include bundling of services or people, matching of incentive structure with work organization, and the incompletely contained hierarchical nesting of incentives. Finally, the dynamics of incentive change are considered, with a focus on describing the conditions under which physicians and physician organizations respond to incentive changes.

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