Standard medical care alone was surprisingly effective in inducing abstinence in surviving medically ill alcoholics. Integrated outpatient treatment significantly increased both engagement and abstinence for a modest annual cost. Further refinement and testing of IOT is indicated.
This chapter examines problem and pathological gambling among college students and reports on prevalence rate, risk and protective factors, prevention and intervention, and recommendations for college student personnel and other university administrators.
It was hypothesized that counselor expertness would be effective in overcoming opposition to the content of counseling, whereas counselor attractiveness would be effective in overcoming resistance to the counseling process, Two studies of career counseling were conducted, a laboratory analogue with 36 vocationally undecided undergraduates, and a field study with 45 high school sophomores taking a career planning course. In both studies, counselor role (expert or attractive) was crossed with participants' initial level of resistance (resistant or nonresistant) in a repeated measures design. Pre-and postmeasures of participants' attitudes toward vocational exploration (the content of counseling) and attitudes toward counseling were used to assess change in opposition and resistance, respectively. A behavioral compliance measure of opposition was added in Study 2. The results of Study 1 supported only the resistance hypothesis. The results of Study 2 supported both the opposition and resistance hypotheses and thus demonstrated the differential functioning of expertness and attractiveness. Implications of the results for interpersonal influence research and for the practice of career counseling are discussed.
We tested whether level of arousal affects the delivery of interpretations. Sixty undergraduate participants were assigned to high or low arousal or to control conditions. Participants in arousal conditions received a 30-min counseling interview for procrastination, which included two interpretations. Arousal was manipulated by interventions made before the interpretations, either confrontations (high arousal) or reflections (low arousal). Galvanic skin response measures confirmed the arousal manipulation (p < .0005). Participants responded more positively to the first interpretation in the high arousal condition, which was associated with a decrease in arousal, than to the first interpretation in the low arousal condition, which was not (p < .05). High arousal participants also indicated greater acceptance of the interpretations than control participants (p < .05). Interpretations delivered during high arousal thus seemed to be more influential.Within the social influence model of counseling (e.g., Strong & Claiborn, 1982), interpretation is of particular interest. Interpretation may be defined broadly as any intervention that offers the client a discrepant point of view and persuades the client to construe events differently and, consequently, to act differently (Levy, 1963). Understanding how interpretation functions, then, is central to understanding the influence process in counseling (Claiborn, 1982).Conceptualizing interpretations as discrepant messages, Levy (1963) drew on dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957) to describe conditions under which they are accepted, rejected, or resisted by the client. One set of conditions is especially interesting to us because it concerns the role of arousal in influence, a neglected topic in the counseling literature, and because it addresses the practical question of timing or placement of interpretation in the counseling interview. Specifically, Levy hypothesized that interpretations associated with dissonance reduction would be more readily accepted than interpretations associated with dissonance arousal, because dissonance-reducing interpretations would be associated with greater comfort than dissonance-arousing interpretations. Levy made clear that he was referring to dissonance not only as a cognitive state but as a state of emotional and physiological arousal. Thus, by extension interpretations associated with a decrease in emotional or physiological arousal ought to be more readily accepted than interpretations associated with increased arousal. Stimulated by Levy's thinking, we This article is based on a dissertation completed by Douglas H. Olson under the supervision of Charles D. Claiborn and submitted to the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.We gratefully acknowledge the help of David N. Dixon, who served as co-chair of the dissertation committee.
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