Objectives To assess the antiplasmodial activity of the ethanol extract of Xylopia sericea leaves, Annonaceae, often associated with antimalarial use and to perform a bioguided isolation of active compounds. Methods Dereplication of ethanol extract by the UPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS/MS technique allowed the identification of the major constituents, isolation and identification of alkaloids. The antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of the extract, fractions and isolated compounds was evaluated against the chloroquine‐resistant W2 strain Plasmodium falciparum and HepG2 cells, respectively. Key findings Ethanol extract showed high reduction of parasitemia as well as moderate cytotoxicity (86.5 ± 3.0% growth inhibition at 50 μg/ml and CC50 72.1 ± 5.1 μg/ml, respectively). A total of eight flavonoids were identified, and two aporphine alkaloids, anonaine and O‐methylmoschatoline, were isolated. Anonaine disclosed significant antiplasmodial effect and moderate cytotoxicity (IC50 23.2 ± 2.7 μg/ml, CC50 38.3 ± 2.3 μg/ml, SI 1.6) while O‐methylmoschatoline was not active against P. falciparum and showed a low cytotoxicity (33.5 ± 1.9% growth inhibition at 50 μg/ml, CC50 274.4 ± 0.5 μg/ml). Conclusions Characterization of Xylopia sericea leaves ethanol extract by UPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS/MS as well as its antiplasmodial activity and the occurrence of anonaine and O‐methylmoschatoline in this Xylopia species are reported by the first time.
Aiming to investigate the antiplasmodial activity and the phytochemical composition of Xylopia sericea leaves, the essential oil and dichloromethane extract were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography, respectively, both of them coupled to mass spectrometry, and were evaluated against the chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (W2) and for cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. Low growth inhibition of P. falciparum as well as low cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells were observed for the essential oil. The leaves dichloromethane extract showed moderate growth inhibition of P. falciparum and low cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells. Bioguided chromatographic fractionation of this extract led to fractions with increased antiplasmodial activity from which liriodenine (IC 50 6.1 ± 0.1 μg/mL, CC 50 > 1000.0 μg/mL, SI > 164), an aporphine alkaloid, and an acetogenin-rich fraction containing mainly isomers of annomontacin and 4deoxy-annomontacin (IC 50 22.7 ± 1.9 µg/mL, CC 50 336.1 ± 15.5 µg/mL, SI = 15) might be highlighted for their antiplasmodial activity.
Plant species from the Ficus genus are widely used as food, and in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer agents, although some of these species are known to produce adverse effects. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the chemical composition as well as in vitro antioxidant and mutagenic activity of the aqueous extracts of leaves from F. adhatodifolia and F. obtusiuscula. Phytochemical screening using thin-layer chromatography identified 6 classes of secondary metabolites in the extracts. Total phenolic content was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the phenolic profile was determined by UPLC-DAD-ESI/MS/MS. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by the DPPH radical assay and by the β-carotene/linoleic acid system. Mutagenic activity was measured by the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test with 4 strains, in both the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Flavonoids, coumarins, and tannins were detected in both extracts, and 6 major derivatives were identified as flavone compounds. Antioxidant activities were demonstrated for both extracts, while F. obtusiuscula contained higher concentrations of phenolic compounds. Mutagenic activity of the TA97 strain without metabolic activation was observed for both tested extracts, as well as the TA102 strain with metabolic activation. In addition, the extract of F. adhatodifolia was shown to be mutagenic to the TA102 strain without metabolic activation. Evidence indicates that the use of teas obtained from these two plant extracts in folk medicine may raise concerns and needs further investigation as a result of potential pro-oxidant mutagenic effects in the absence or presence of metabolic activation.
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