A sensor has been developed to monitor objects passing through tunnels using a capacitance bridge. While the sensor concept is easily adaptable to a wide range of objects or organisms which pass through an enclosed area, our version of the sensor was designed specifically for monitoring bumblebee colonies. Other bee sensors have been developed based on optical methods of detection. The capacitance sensor provides all the information of the optical sensors and additional information on the bee size and velocity. The sensor is expected to provide entomologists with more efficient methods of studying the foraging activities of bees.
Despite the accuracy and non-intrusive nature of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, the impedance spectra of commercial Lithium-ion cells are notoriously hard to interpret. Consequently, the literature is filled with various equivalent circuit models, which differ greatly in their physical significance, but which produce very similar impedance spectra. In this paper, explicit formulas are given to convert between various equivalent circuits made of resistors and capacitors of the sort discussed in the literature. Furthermore, all these formulas have been implemented in a Python program, in the hope that studies done assuming one circuit might be compared to studies done with a different circuit, for instance. This paper considers cases where two different circuits can produce two impedance spectra which are identical. For instance, explicit conversions are given between Ladder circuits, Voight circuits, and Maxwell circuits for various time constants. This gives a conceptual foundation to explore the more difficult case of circuits producing impedance spectra which are similar to each other (e.g. within 5%).
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