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This paper reviews changes in the research literature on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) since our earlier review (Stith, Rosen, & McCollum, 2003 This paper reviews changes in the research literature on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) since our earlier review (Stith, Rosen, & McCollum, 2003). A number of changes have occurred in the way we view IPV as well as in our knowledge about existing and developing treatment approaches. In this manuscript we describe the research that has led to these changes, as we seek to understand and deal with what remains a serious and costly social problem. Since there is a very limited amount of research on violence in same sex relationships, and no research on the effectiveness of treatment approaches for same sex couples, the research that is reviewed here is reflective of that limitation. An Evolving Understanding of IPVAs a result of research in the field, our understanding of IPV is beginning to broaden and change. Traditionally, IPV has been seen through a feminist paradigm and understood to be the expression of men's power over women, occurring in intimate heterosexual relationships, and supported by a patriarchal culture. Violence was considered a male phenomenon with women either remaining solely victims or assaulting their male partners in self defense. Violence was also seen as the primary problem with co-existing issues often seen as distractions that helped men evade responsibility for their violence. The responsibility for violence was unilaterally men's while the costs were unilaterally women's and the focus of intervention was to end violence specifically against women.Evidence for this view of IPV came from studies using criminal justice and shelterseeking populations and showed considerable gender-asymmetry (i.e. many more men than women are arrested and many more women than men seek shelter in domestic violence victim Treatment of Intimate Partner Violence 4 shelters). However, this view was challenged as research using community samples began to be conducted. Although research examining arrested offenders or victims seeking shelter continues to show dramatic gender-asymmetry, community-based studies find that IPV perpetration and victimization may be more gender-symmetrical than we previously thought with participants reporting male perpetrated, female perpetrated, and reciprocally perpetrated violence. Whitaker, Haileyesus, Swahm and Saltzman (2007), for instance, analyzed data on 11,370 US adults aged 18 to 28 from the 2001 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and found almost 24% of all relationships had some violence. Interestingly, this study found that half of those relationships were reciprocally violent; that is, both partners assaulted each other. Furthermore, in those relationships where the violence was unilateral, women were the perpetrators in more than 70% of the cases. Methods used to assess violence, including sampling strategies, influence prevalence rates, yet, it is also becoming clearer that both men and women perpetrate ...

This study aimed to explore the mental health needs of women residing in domestic violence shelters; more specifically, we aimed to identify commonalities and differences among their mental health needs. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative data was collected from 35 women from a Midwestern domestic violence shelter. Hierarchical clustering was applied to quantitative data, and the analysis indicated a three-cluster solution. Data from the qualitative analysis also supported the differentiation of women into three distinct groups, which were interpreted as: (A) ready to change, (B) focused on negative symptoms, and (C) focused on feelings of guilt and self-blame.

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of velocity of contraction on the mechanomyographic (MMG) responses to maximal concentric isokinetic leg extension movements. Eight adult males [mean (SD) age, 22.3 (1.3) years] performed maximal leg extensions on a calibrated Cybex 6000 dynamometer at velocities of 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 degrees x s(-1) x MMG responses were detected by a piezoelectric recording device placed over the vastus lateralis muscle. Intraclass reliability correlations ranged from R = 0.84 to 0.97 and from 0.90 to 0.99 for peak torque and MMG amplitude values, respectively, with no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the mean values for test versus retest at any contraction velocity. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in peak torque at all velocities except 240 [135 (27) Nm] versus 300 [127 (27) Nm], and 300 versus 360 degrees x s(-1) [115 (37) Nm]. The mean MMG amplitude at 60 degrees x s(-1) [61 (67) mV] was significantly less (P < 0.05) than that at 360 degrees x s(-1) [452 (451) mV]. These results indicate a velocity-related dissociation between MMG amplitude and peak torque. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that the increases in MMG amplitude were due to velocity-related decreases in muscle stiffness which allowed for greater muscle fiber oscillations.

Research traditionally has focused on the development of symptoms in those who experienced trauma directly but overlooked the impact of trauma on the families of victims. In recent years, researchers and clinicians have begun to examine how individual exposure to traumatic events affects the spouses/partners, children, and professional helpers of trauma survivors. The current study reports data from a larger mixed-methodology study that includes qualitative interview data from 17 individuals, coded to identify the mechanisms that may affect the couple's interpersonal functioning when there is a history of trauma exposure in one or both partners. The following primary themes were identified: role in the relationship, boundary issues, intimacy problems, triggers, and coping mechanisms. Areas for future research and clinical implications also are identified.