Low complexity regions (LCRs) are a common feature shared by many genomes, but their evolutionary and functional significance remains mostly unknown. At the core of the uncertainty is a poor understanding of the mechanisms that regulate their retention in genomes, whether driven by natural selection or neutral evolution. Applying a comparative approach of LCRs to multiple strains and species is a powerful approach to identify patterns of conservation in these regions. Using this method, we investigate the evolutionary history of LCRs in the genus Plasmodium based on orthologous protein coding genes shared by 11 species and strains from primate and rodent-infecting pathogens. We find multiple lines of evidence in support of natural selection as a major evolutionary force shaping the composition and conservation of LCRs through time and signatures that their evolutionary paths are species specific. Our findings add a comparative analysis perspective to the debate on the evolution of LCRs and harness the power of sequence comparisons to identify potential functionally important LCR candidates.

Motivation The promise of higher phylogenetic stability through increased dataset sizes within tree of life (TOL) reconstructions has not been fulfilled. Among the many possible causes are changes in species composition (taxon sampling) that could influence phylogenetic accuracy of the methods by altering the relative weight of the evolutionary histories of each individual species. This effect would be stronger in clades that are represented by few lineages, which is common in many prokaryote phyla. Indeed, phyla with fewer taxa showed the most discordance among recent TOL studies. We implemented an approach to systematically test how the identity of taxa among a larger dataset and the number of taxa included affected the accuracy of phylogenetic reconstruction. Results Utilizing an empirical dataset within Terrabacteria we found that even within scenarios consisting of the same number of taxa, the species used strongly affected phylogenetic stability. Furthermore, we found that trees with fewer species were more dissimilar to the tree produced from the full dataset. These results hold even when the tree is composed by many phyla and only one of them is being altered. Thus, the effect of taxon sampling in one group does not seem to be buffered by the presence of many other clades, making this issue relevant even to very large datasets. Our results suggest that a systematic evaluation of phylogenetic stability through taxon resampling is advisable even for very large datasets. Availability and implementation https://github.com/BlabOaklandU/PATS.git. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Motivation: The promise of higher phylogenetic stability through increasing dataset size within Tree of Life (TOL) reconstructions has not been fulfilled, especially for deep nodes. Among the many causes proposed are changes in species composition (taxon sampling) that could influence phylogenetic accuracy of the methods by altering the relative weight of the evolutionary histories of each individual species. This effect would be stronger in clades that are represented by few lineages, which is common in many Prokaryote phyla. Indeed, phyla with fewer taxa showed the most discordance among recent TOL studies. Thus, we implemented an approach to systematically test how the number of taxa and the identity of those taxa among a larger dataset affected the accuracy of phylogenetic reconstruction. Results:We utilized an empirical dataset of 766 fully-sequenced proteomes for phyla within Terrabacteria as a reference for subsampled datasets that differed in both number of species and composition of species. After evaluating the backbone of trees produced as well as the internal nodes, we found that trees with fewer species were more dissimilar to the tree produced from the full dataset. Further, we found that even within scenarios consisting of the same number of taxa, the species used strongly affected phylogenetic stability. These results hold even when the tree is composed by many phyla and only one of them is being altered. Thus, the effect of taxon sampling in one group does not seem to be buffered by the presence of many other clades, making this issue relevant even to very large datasets. Our results suggest that a systematic evaluation of phylogenetic stability through taxon resampling is advisable even for very large datasets.

Estrogen is a hormone which exerts its effects in different physiological processes including the initiation and progress of inflammation. In addition to nuclear receptors, estrogen binds to plasma membrane receptors and activates signal transduction pathways. This study explores the role of calcium in estrogen regulated signal transduction from the plasma membrane. For this, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) and monocytes (THP‐1) were treated with estrogenic compounds (200nM) and calcium labeled using a calcium green indicator and cells were visualized and measured using confocal microscopy. In THP‐1 cells and HUVEC cells, calcium decreased in the perinuclear cytoplasm. Decreases in Calcium were measured in THP‐1 cells treated with 17β‐estradiol (16 fold), Diethylstilbestrol (DES, 4 fold), Genistein (6 fold), and Daidzein (14 fold). Similarly, decreases were observed in HUVEC cells treated with 17β‐estradiol (9 fold), DES (1 fold), Genistein (3 fold), and Daidzein (6 fold). Overall levels of intracellular calcium were not altered. Thus, the changes in perinuclear cytoplasmic calcium may be due to the movement of calcium to the plasma membrane in response to estrogen treatments.