Although it is documented that parent interaction influences children's development, few studies have focused on methods for reliably assessing molar-level caregiver-child interactions that are used regularly in treatment evaluations in communitybased settings, and none have targeted children with autism spectrum disorders. Thirty-five children and their caregivers participated in an outpatient evaluation for therapeutic treatment planning for children with autism spectrum disorders. Parent-child interactions (part of the routine evaluation) were coded immediately after a 10-minute free-play activity. Analyses indicated that molar-level caregiver interaction behaviors could be evaluated with good reliability. Correlational analysis of parent and child demographics with the quality of interactions revealed no significant relationships, consistent with previous research. However, an expected and significant concurrent association was observed between parent responsiveness, measured using the observational rating scale, and parents' reports of children's ability to initiate interactions with adults. Research on reliable, ecologically feasible methods of parent-child interaction assessment conducted in communitybased settings may help translate evidence-based practices into real-world settings.

Background: Knowledge of the femoral vein (FV) anatomy in pediatric patients is important in the selection of appropriate size central line catheters as well as the approach to central venous access. This knowledge may avoid potential complications during central line access.

Oxycodone, ibuprofen, and the combination all provide effective analgesia for mild-to-moderate orthopedic injuries in children. Oxycodone or ibuprofen, alone, can be given, thereby avoiding the increase in adverse effects when given together.

These results support the hypothesis that the method used to present information about chemotherapy influences treatment decisions. Absolute survival benefit is the most easily understood method of conveying the information regarding benefit of treatment.

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This study examines the CO 2 -mediated influence of plant resistance on crown rot dynamics under continuous cropping of partially resistant wheat line 249 and the susceptible cultivar Tamaroi. Disease incidence, severity, deoxynivalenol and Fusarium biomass were assessed after each cycle in microcosms established at ambient and 700 mg kg À1 CO 2 using soil and stubble of these wheat lines from a field experiment with free to air CO 2 enrichment. Monoconidial isolates from wheat stubble were collected initially, and after five cropping cycles, to compare the frequency and aggressiveness of Fusarium species in the two populations. Aggressiveness was measured using a high-throughput seedling bioassay. At elevated CO 2 , the higher initial incidence in Tamaroi increased with cropping cycles, but incidence in 249 remained unchanged. Incidence at ambient CO 2 did not change for either line. Elevated CO 2 induced partial resistance in Tamaroi, but not in 249. Increased Fusarium biomass in wheat tissue at elevated CO 2 matched raised deoxynivalenol of the stem base in both lines. After five cycles of continuous wheat cropping, aggressiveness increased in pathogenic F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum by 110%, but decreased in weakly pathogenic F. equiseti and F. oxysporum by 50%. CO 2 and host resistance interactively influenced species frequency, and the highly aggressive F. pseudograminearum became dominant on Tamaroi irrespective of CO 2 concentration, while its frequency declined on 249. This study shows that induced resistance at elevated CO 2 will not reduce crown rot severity, or impede the selection and enrichment of Fusarium populations with increased aggressiveness.

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