[1] Vertical profile measurements of aerosol particle size distributions and of meteorological parameters (obtained from aircraft, radiosondes, and lidar) are used as input to a spectral radiative transfer model to calculate broadband solar and spectral surface insolations. The calculated values are compared to measured ones gathered with broadband solar pyranometers and pyrheliometers, and a fixed-grating photodiode array spectroradiometer with 512 spectral channels between 500 and 920 nm wavelength. The measurements were obtained during the joint field campaign Lindenberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (LACE) 98 near Berlin/Germany in the summer of 1998. Two cases (days with high and low aerosol loading, respectively) are investigated in detail. Furthermore, a measurement-based sensitivity analysis was carried out focusing on the influence of particle composition (complex refractive index) and of microphysical and humidity growth uncertainties on the calculated surface insolations. Assuming a spectral refractive index of ammonium sulfate for the aerosol particles, on average the global component of the broadband solar surface insolations is 11-20 W m À2 (2-3%) greater than the measured values; the direct portion is 17-28 W m À2 (4-5%) higher, and its diffuse component is 6-7 W m À2 (4-10%) lower in comparison to the measurements. The measured and calculated spectral surface insolations (global portion) agree well in the central visible spectral region (500-600 nm wavelength). Toward larger wavelengths (near infrared) the calculated spectral surface insolations are increasingly higher than the measured ones.
It was the aim of this study to find a relationship between the serum concentration of chlormethiazole and its therapeutic effect in acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome. As a secondary subject, the concentration of chlormethiazole was investigated in relation to variables of treatment and variables of physical status of patients. In an open clinical trial, the clinical status of patients was rated by the Mainz Alcohol Withdrawal Scale (MAWS) and the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS). Chlormethiazole concentration was measured by gas-liquid chromatography. Patients were dichotomized according to minimum values of MAWS and DRS after 2 days of treatment (good response and retarded or no response). Chlormethiazole concentration and dose per body weight and MAWS and DRS scores before treatment were compared by the Student t test and the Mann-Whitney test. The two groups were also analyzed by logistic regression with chlormethiazole concentration, MAWS and DRS score before treatment, age, gender, body weight, years of alcoholism, and dose per body weight as independent variables. Chlormethiazole concentration was analyzed by multiple regression with dose, age, gender, smoking, initial alcohol, body weight, and liver dysfunction as independent variables. Forty-three patients were included in the study. Twenty-four patients reached a minimum time of investigation of 2 days. The chlormethiazole concentration was in the range of 0.3 to 5.4 microg/mL at doses of 10 to 24 capsules/d (1 capsule = 192 mg chlormethiazole). As the main result, significantly increased chlormethiazole concentrations were found in patients with retarded or no response; however, in addition the DRS score before treatment and dose per body weight were increased. In addition, the final models of logistic regression contained only DRS score before treatment. As a secondary result, the final model of multiple regression revealed an increased chlormethiazole concentration with dose of chlormethiazole and concentration of alcohol in blood and a decreased chlormethiazole concentration with body weight. This was the first study to investigate the relationship between the chlormethiazole concentration and therapeutic effect in alcohol withdrawal. No robust relationship could be detected that could be separated from the control of treatment by clinical variables. Rather, a poor therapeutic outcome is mainly predicted by an increased initial severity of symptoms, and higher doses are applied in more severely ill patients. Thus, pharmacokinetic control of treatment is not recommended.
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