Recent advances in sequencing technologies have made it significantly easier to find the genetic roots of rare hereditary pediatric diseases. These novel methods are not panaceas, however, and they often give ambiguous results, highlighting multiple possible causative mutations in affected patients. Furthermore, even when the mapping results are unambiguous, the affected gene might be of unknown function. In these cases, understanding how a particular genotype can result in a phenotype also needs carefully designed experimental work. Model organism genetics can offer a straightforward experimental setup for hypothesis testing. Containing orthologs for over 80% of the genes involved in human diseases, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as one of the top disease models over the past decade. A plethora of genetic tools makes it easy to create mutations in almost any gene of the zebrafish genome and these mutant strains can be used in high-throughput preclinical screens for active molecules. As this small vertebrate species offers several other advantages as well, its popularity in biomedical research is bound to increase, with “aquarium to bedside” drug development pipelines taking a more prevalent role in the near future.
Engrailed 1 (EN1) is a conserved transcription factor essential for programming, survival, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. En1-hemizygosity (En1+/-) leads to a spontaneous Parkinson's disease-like (PD-like) progressive nigrostriatal degeneration as well as motor impairment and depressive-like behavior in SwissOF1 (OF1-En1+/-) mice. This phenotype is absent in C57Bl/6j (C57-En1+/-) mice. Here we studied PD-like phenotypes and early transcriptome profiles in OF1 wild-type (WT) and OF1-En1+/- male mice and compare to that of C57 WT and C57-En1+/- male mice. To detect transcriptional changes prior to dopaminergic cell loss, we performed RNA-seq of 1-week old mice substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Histology and stereology were used to assess dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathology in 4 and 16 weeks old mice. OF1-En1+/- mice showed an increase (+-61617;79%) in dopaminergic striatal axonal swellings from 4 to 16 weeks and a loss (+-61617;23%) of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc at 16 weeks compared to OF1 WT. Axonal swellings were also present in C57-En1+/- mice but did not increase over time. 52 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between the C57-WT and the C57-En1+/- mice, while 198 DEGs were observed in the OF1 strain. Enrichment analysis revealed that the neuroprotective phenotype of C57-En1+/- mice was associated with an overexpression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes compared to both C57 WT and to OF1- En1+/- mice. These results highlight the importance of considering genetic background in PD models and provide valuable insight on how expression of mitochondrial proteins before the onset of neurodegeneration is associated to vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.
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