First-cutting alfalfa was wilted, harvested from alternate rows, left untreated or treated with additives containing lactic acid bacteria and enzymes (cellulase, amylase, and pectinase), and ensiled in bag silos. Inoculation increased lactic acid bacteria from 5 x 10(4) to 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of forage. Because treatments were bagged consecutively, the DM of treated silages was higher than that of untreated silage. However, after 4 d of ensiling, the pH of treated silage, about 4.3, was lower than that of untreated silage, 4.7, and remained lower throughout the ensiling period. After 177 d of ensiling, total lactate was about 25% higher, and ammonia N was about 40% lower, in treated silage. In addition, NDF and ADF contents were lower in treated than in untreated silage. Between 51 and 177 d of storage, glucose content increased in treated silage, but not in untreated silage, suggesting that some plant cell-wall hydrolysis occurred during prolonged storage. In vitro digestion of NDF did not differ among treatments during early incubation, but the extent of digestion after 36 and 48 h was lower in treated than in untreated silage. The microbial and enzyme silage additives used in this study improved fermentation characteristics and reduced fiber content of silage but decreased the in vitro digestibility of fiber.
The distributions of accumulated 46Sc, 51Cr, 54Mn, 59Fe, 6oCo, 65Zn, 16jEu, ls2Ta, 203Hg and zloPb were determined singly in freshwater clams (Anohnta nuttdliana Lea) after a 10-12-day exposure to low concentrations in solution and/or suspension in their aquarium water. All radionuclides were detected in internal tissues and organs, indicating transfer across the gut and/or exterior surface and circulation by the body fluid. The distribution in the 12 different tissues and organs examined varied with the radionuclide. High concentrations of "Mn, e°Co, e5Zn and 210Pb wcre found in the calcareous tissue whereas high concentrations of the other radionuclides were found in organs of the digestive system. Valence state appeared to affect distribution. Those in high concentrations in thc calcareous tissue were in the divalent state whereas those in the digestive organs were in the trivalent or higher state. Of the total activity in the soft tissues, the fraction in the internal tissues varied with the radionuclide. Most radionuclides underwent changes in physical state during the experiment. Although initially all but laaTa were in solution, at termination a significant fraction was associated with particles, Depletion of some radionuclides from the water appeared to result primarily from physical and chemical rather than biological processes.
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