The research revealed that individual farmers complained of low back pain significantly more often. The pain was usually defined as constant pain, chronic pain, acute pain or hip pain radiating to legs. Med Pr 2018;69(4):355-364.

Negative social attitudes towards people with disabilities are a serious barrier to their social, professional, and cultural functioning. Due to negative perception, disabled individuals are often homebound. The present study was an attempt to compare declared attitudes with the results of other studies using the Polish version of an international assessment tool. The aim was to verify the MAS-PL tool and to analyse the attitudes of students of social sciences and humanities towards people with physical disabilities. An additional aim was to compare declared attitudes with the results of other studies using the Polish version of an international assessment tool for students of medicine and health sciences. In total, 540 students were surveyed using the Polish adaptation of the Multidimensional Attitudes Scale towards Persons with Disabilities (MAS-PL). The study confirmed the high reliability of the MAS-PL Scale. The mean global score of the scale was 82.79. There were no significant differences in the global MAS-PL score depending on respondents’ sex; however, an effect of this variable on the subscales was found. The surveyed females exhibited more positive attitudes in terms of the cognitive and behavioural components, whereas the males showed more positive attitudes in the affective subscale. There was no significant impact of the place of residence, age, and majors. Along with the year of studies, the intensity of the global and affective scale slightly increased. The surveyed students of social sciences and humanities exhibited similar attitudes towards people with physical disabilities to those declared by Polish students of medical and health sciences surveyed by Radlińska et al. The authors recommend implementation of didactic classes, projects, and activities at the stage of planning and creation of student education programs to promote tolerance towards disabled people.

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The paper presents the results of research on difficulties in realization of parental roles of parents of children with intellectual disabilities. The au­thor has surveyed 222 parents of chil­dren with intellectual disabilities, includ­ing 111 mothers and 111 fathers. The re­search was completed in 2013 and 2014 in the Lublin Province. On the basis of parents’ declarations it can be seen that most respondents did not encounter dif­ficulties in the professional sphere or the sphere of marriage, but in tasks connect­ed with raising a child with a disability. Problems that appear in parenting chil­dren with disabilities concern most of­ten health care services, rehabilitation and the way the disabled are treated by others.

Authors' contribution Wkład autorów: A. Study design/planning zaplanowanie badań B. Data collection/entry zebranie danych C. Data analysis/statistics dane-analiza i statystyki D. Data interpretation interpretacja danych E. Preparation of manuscript przygotowanie artykułu F. literature analysis/search wyszukiwanie i analiza literatury G. Funds collection zebranie funduszy Summary Background. A social network is a group of people with whom a given person-the central person in the network-maintains contact. Social support networks for families raising an intellectually disabled child offer significant advantages for the functioning of family members: from providing help in performing everyday tasks, to sharing information, and offering emotional support. Material and methods. The aim of the paper is to analyse the structure of social networks and the types and sources of support received by mothers raising intellectually disabled children. The study was based on quantitative methods. Bizoń's Questionnaire of Social Surroundings (Kwestionariusz Otoczenia Społecznego) and a categorised interview were used. Each interview lasted about 2 hours. Fifteen mothers who raise intellectually disabled children have participated in the interviews. Results. The social support networks of the mothers were usually comprised of more than 10 people. Close relatives and more distant family members act as the most important elements of social support networks for mothers who raise intellectually disabled children. Conclusions. A multifaceted and complete spectrum of support was found in the mothers who participated in this study. The fact that the support systems are very centralised is alarming-if the main person leaves, the entire network of support might collapse.