Smart sustainable cities represent a great challenge for the modern world. Generation Z (Gen Z), whose representatives are now entering adult life, will play a key role in the implementation of this concept. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of the relationship between the evaluation of smart mobility’s importance for a smart city and the attitudes and behaviours of Generation Z members in the context of sustainability, use of ICT, and their declarative and actual participation in smart-city activities. The diagnostic survey method was used to achieve the research objective. The authors designed the questionnaire based on a literature analysis. The research sample consisted of 484 representatives of Generation Z—students of universities located in a smart city, Lublin (Poland). The collected data was statistically analysed using the following methods and statistical tests: Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson’s chi-square test for independence, symmetric measures: Cramer’s V, and the contingency coefficient. The analysis of the obtained research results confirms that the conscious approach of Generation Z to sustainability has a significant and positive impact on their evaluation of actions taken in the field of smart mobility for a smart city. A similar relationship was confirmed with regard to the relationship between ICT use and smart-mobility evaluation. The significant and positive impact of young people’s participation in smart cities on their evaluation of smart-mobility solutions’ importance was not fully and unequivocally confirmed. In conclusion, the Generation Z representatives’ awareness of the importance of sustainability and caring for the natural environment was confirmed by their desire to be pro-ecological in the areas of smart mobility studied in the paper. Moreover, young people who constantly use the latest technologies see their huge potential for the development of smart mobility in cities. However, despite the growing expectations of citizens’ active attitudes and their increasing participation in smart-mobility development, it seems that the representatives of Generation Z are not really interested in it. Their declarations of willingness to join various opinion-forming and decision making processes do not actually transform them into active co-creators of smart-mobility solutions. Changing this approach can be an educational, organisational and technological challenge for smart-city authorities. The obtained research results could be used as guidelines for facilitating the search for innovative solutions in the area of smart mobility, improving the quality of life of smart-city residents based on the principle of sustainable development.

Streszczenie: Pobudzanie przedsiębiorczości indywidualnej w Polsce jest jednym z priorytetowych obszarów prowadzonej polityki gospodarczej. Cel ten pochłania wysokie środki publiczne, w tym te wpisane w fundusze europejskie. Okazuje się jednak, że znaczącym subsydiom nie towarzyszy wysoki ilościowy przyrost liczby przedsiębiorstw osób fizycznych. Ponadto okazuje się, że w województwach, które w największym zakresie skorzystały z funduszy Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki 2007-2013 w ramach wsparcia osób fizycznych podejmujących się prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej, nie doszło do intensyfikacji przyrostu liczby nowych przedsiębiorstw. Wręcz przeciwnie − dane statystyczne wskazują na brak realizacji założonych rezultatów ilościowych. Lider absorpcji (województwo warmińsko-mazurskie) zanotował najwyższy ujemny przyrost w populacji nowo rejestrowanych firm w perspektywie finansowej 2007-2013, zagospodarowując jednocześnie relatywnie najwyższe środki przeznaczone na rozwój przedsiębiorczości i samozatrudnienie.Słowa kluczowe: dotacje, fundusze europejskie, polityka publiczna, przedsiębiorczość, zachęty finansowe.Summary: Stimulating individual entrepreneurship in Poland is one of the priority areas of economic policy. For the realization of this goal high public funds, including EU funds, are allocated. It turns out, however, that the high subsidies are not accompanied by a high quantitative increase in the number of enterprises. Subsidies targeted to regions with the highest unemployment rates do not affect the increase in the intensity of entrepreneurship.

Tax deduction "1%" as a source of financing for the social economy in Poland: Retrospection and projection of the level of social involvement Summary: One of the basic problems of social economy entities is maintaining independence and financial stability. Meanwhile, dependence on public support has dominated the main sources of funding for public benefit organizations. In this context, the revenue generated by the "1%" tax deduction should also be considered. Over ten years of this solution existence, 49% of the total number of taxpayers was covered. A marked slowdown in this trend indicates that the potential maximum absorption is approaching. This situation should lead to the rethinking of the new marketing strategy by the organizations earning high revenues under the "1%" tax deduction, and also these, who are planning to use this form of support to potential benefit.

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Streszczenie. Artykuł podejmuje rozważania teoretyczno-praktyczne dotyczące roli i skali związku funduszy pomocowych z działalnością trzeciego sektora. Na tle rozważań literaturowych, krytycznie oceniających nadmierne zbliżenie organizacji pozarządowych do biznesu, a w rezultacie rozmycie tożsamości sektora, badaniu podane zostały krajowe fundacje i stowarzyszenia. Przedmiotem szczegółowej analizy statystycznej została objęta struktura ilościowa projektów zrealizowanych w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki 2007-2013. Milionowe granty i rodzaj realizowanych zadań okazały się odległe od teoretycznego wzorca organizacji pozarządowych reprezentujących interesy słabszych i niedostrzeganych przez państwo.Słowa kluczowe: fundusze europejskie, organizacje pozarządowe, projekt, przedsiębiorczość zależna, dotacje NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS SUBSIDIARIES OF AID FUNDS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE OPERATIONAL PROGRAM HUMAN CAPITALAbstract. The article makes theoretical and practical considerations on the role and scale of aid funds in the activity of the third sector. The detailed statistical analysis covered the quantitative structure of the projects implemented under the Operational Program Human Capital 2007-2013 by associations and foundations. The quantitative study was included in the theoretical reflections critical of the excessive convergence of non-governmental organizations to business. As a result, the identity of the sector is blurred. Millions of grants and types of tasks have turned out to be far from the theoretical model of NGOs representing the interests of the weaker and unnoticed by the state.