Qualitative researchers use the term triangulation to describe the use of multiple strategies to study the same phenomenon. Although it is endorsed in social work research textbooks and contested in the literature, qualitative social work researchers are left on their own to determine how to 'do' triangulation. This article discusses triangulation, including recent debates around the concept. It describes two methods of data triangulation and illustrates them with examples from the study of mothers and daughters coping with a daughter's religious intensification. From the first method, a comparative analysis of mother-daughter dyads, the authors identify and provide examples of five types of triangulated data: (1) same story, same meaning; (2) same story, different interpretations; (3) missing pieces; (4) unique information; and (5) illuminating. The second method, triangulation within groups and between groups, makes visible perspectives that are common and distinct to mothers and KEY WORDS: dyad families group qualitative research triangulation ARTICLE
Most immigration studies focus on the negative consequences of immigration for families and for parenting. Immigration is also viewed as a factor that undermines fathers’ capacity to implement their fathering roles. The impact of immigration on fathers has received very little attention. This paper is based on 54 interviews with immigrant fathers to Canada and Israel. Based on qualitative data, the paper investigates immigrant fathers’ perceptions of fatherhood in the midst of cultural change. This paper challenges the widely held notion that immigration itself is a risk factor for fatherhood. It focuses rather on the systemic barriers and obstacles facing immigrant fathers in their new country and the positive opportunities this change presents. Implications for intervention and policies concerning immigrant families are discussed.
The in¯uence of ecocultural context on parents' image of the adaptive adult is explored via a comparison between the child-rearing goals and ethnotheories of 20 immigrant mothers from the former Soviet Union and 20 Israeli-born mothers. It is assumed that parents' socializing practices are premised on developmental ethnotheories re¯ecting societal child rearing models and expectations for children' s development. The image of the``adaptive adult' ' in parents' country of origin is so fundamentally ingrained in their beliefs about child rearing that it is retained after immigration, and is integrated with aspects of the image of adaptive adulthood which prevails in the host culture.The current study explored (through semistructured interviews) mothers' developmental ethnotheories concerning the nature of development, how it can be in¯uenced, and why it should be in¯uenced, with regard to cognitive competence, autonomy, emotional regulation, and social understanding and behaviour of their 3± 4-year-old children. It also explored their goals and expectations for their children as adults.Analysis of the interviews with Israeli-born and immigrant mothers lends support to the main thesis of this study. Mothers of both groups would like their children to grow into intelligent, joyful, and independent adults, to be well educated and to hold prestigious occupations. All of the mothers assume, moreover, that much of child development should be promoted through the active involvement of parents. Israeli-born mothers, however, place a greater emphasis on social competence, autonomy, and leadership, whereas the emphasis of the Soviet-born mothers is on achievement, emotional control, ef® ciency, and organization. The differences and similarities between the two groups of mothers are discussed in the context of their respective ecocultural backgrounds. It is proposed that each group's ethnotheories, developmental goals, and aspirations for their children re¯ect their respective values, perceptions, and understanding of the reality in which they raise their children. These values and perceptions seem, in turn, related to the respective ecocultures in which they were raised, as well as the one in which they rear their own children.Cette e tude compare les buts e ducatifs et les ethnothe ories de 20 meÁ res ne es en Israel et de 20 meÁ res ayant immigre de l'ex-Union Sovie  tiqueen dans le but d'examiner l'in¯uence du contexte e co-culturel sur l'image que les parents se forment d'un adulte adapte . Elle postule que les pratiques de socialisation des parents sont base es sur les ethnothe ories de veloppementales qui re¯eÁ tent des modeÁ les d'e ducation sociale de l'enfant et des attentes envers son de veloppement. L' image de l'``adulte adapte ' ' dans le pays d'origine des parents est si profonde ment ancre e dans leurs croyances quant a Á l'e ducation de l'enfant qu' elle est maintenue apreÁ s l'immigration et inte gre e a Á certains aspects de l'image de l'adulte adapte qui pre vaut dans la culture d'acce...
The goal of every qualitative interview is to produce rich data. Inducing storytelling is a challenge in every interview. Interviews with young children (ages 3-6) present an additional challenge because of perceived power differences between children and adults. This research examines how interviewers' questions and expressions encourage or inhibit children from telling their stories. We extracted 1,339 child interviewee-adult interviewer turn exchanges from a national study on children's perspectives on risk and protection (N ¼ 420) and analyzed them in two steps. First, we categorized the interviewers' questions and expressions and children's responses. Seven categories were found for interviewer expressions and five for children's responses. We then examined the relationship between interviewer categories and children's responses. The categories that produced the richest data were encouragement, open-ended questions, and question request. Sequence of utterances and closed-ended questions produced the least storytelling. We did not find significant differences based on a child's gender with regard to the interviewer categories. The results and implications for researching young children are addressed.
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