Many bacterial pathogens inject into host cells effector proteins that are substrates for host tyrosine kinases such as Src and Abl family kinases. Phosphorylated effectors eventually subvert host cell signaling, aiding disease development. In the case of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori, which is a major risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, the only known effector protein injected into host cells is the oncoprotein CagA. Here, we followed the hierarchic tyrosine phosphorylation of H. pylori
This article re-examines the expression of political satire in children-at-play prints issued in Edo in the spring and summer of 1868. The prints envisioned key events of the Boshin War through the lens of Edo’s popular culture. This article argues that the satirical meanings of these prints were not primarily grounded in an adversarial position towards the government but in the wish to affirm the values of townspeople’s culture at a time of political instability. This was achieved by projecting an affective gaze onto Edo children, their games, and the popular cultural practices these pertained to.
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