Unique microecosystems within the internal tissues of plants support diverse, symbiotic microbial communities that greatly influence plant adaptation and evolution [1, 2]. These microbial associations significantly influence the ability of plants to adapt and evolve in their environment. All plants in natural ecosystems appear to develop symbiotic associations with fungi [3, 4]. These symbioses provide a buffer against biotic and abiotic stresses and are important for the survival of plant hosts and their fungal symbionts in highstress habitats [3, 4]. Both plant and fungi obtain multiple benefits from symbiotic interactions in terms of fitness. Fungal symbionts may impart beneficial (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism), harmful (competition), or neutral (amensalism and neutralism) activities on the plant host. Concurrently, host plants can also interact beneficially (mutualism), neutrally (commensalism and neutralism), or harmfully (parasitism, competition, and amensalism) during symbiosis with the fungi [5-7]. Microbes living within plants are referred to as 'endophytes' and are host-specific fungi or bacteria, such as Actinomycetes spp. [8, 9]. Endophytes constitute a major portion of the fungal symbionts associated with the roots, stems, and leaves of plants, and generally do not impart adverse effects to the host [10, 11]. They comprise a diverse group and represent a wide taxonomical range of fungi belonging primarily to the phylum Ascomycota [12, 13]. Some fungal endophytes can synthesize plant growth hormones such as auxin, abscisic acid, and gibberellins (GAs) [14, 15]. Endophytic fungi increase the host's resistance to biotic stresses caused by insects, pests, and fungal pathogens and improve the host plant's fitness against harsh environmental factors [16]. A large percentage of the world's biodiversity is concentrated within the coastal regions, although much of it is yet to be discovered. The coastal zone is the interface between the land and sea and is characterized by interconnections among neighboring ecosystems. Coastal salt marsh wetlands, located in this transition zone between land and salt or brackish water, are among the most important and biologically productive natural ecosystems on Fungal endophytes are symbiotic microorganisms that are often found in asymptomatic plants. This study describes the genetic diversity of the fungal endophytes isolated from the roots of plants sampled from the west coast of Korea. Five halophytic plant species, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda australis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda glauca Bunge, and Phragmites australis, were collected from a salt marsh in Gochang and used to isolate and identify culturable, root-associated endophytic fungi. The fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 was used as the DNA barcode for the classification of these specimens. In total, 156 isolates of the fungal strains were identified and categorized into 23 genera and two phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), with Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes as the pred...
The world's population is estimated to rise to 9 billion by 2050 [1]. There is a need to increase food production under less than optimal conditions due to population growth and climate change. In the mid-to late twentieth century, the cultivation efforts' purpose is to improve crop varieties, introduce hybrids, and increase agricultural productions in terms of fertilizer, crop management practices, herbicides, water delivery systems, and pesticides resulted in the "Green Revolution" [2,3]. Worldwide, there is a similar global challenge, leading to a need of breedimproved varieties as well as agricultural production practices [4]. The expansion of agricultural production to marginal lands and the effects of global climate change also need an increased biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and efficient nutrient utilization in crop plants for the future global food requirements to be met.Endophytic fungi are organisms that are found anywhere (intercellularly or intracellularly in plants from nearly all genera of Kingdom Plantae). These fungi live in host plants for at least a portion of their lives without generating any immediate overt disease symptoms. These associations can encourage tissue differentiation and plant growth and can help in managing abiotic and biotic stresses to which the host plants are subjected [5,6]. In addition, endophytic fungi may prevent pathogenic organisms and provide nutrients, benefiting the plant host [7]. These well-distributed fungi form diverse plant associations and thus constitute outstanding sources of new bioactive secondary metabolites [8]. Accordingly, there are several new bioactive compounds with insecticidal, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anticancer activities that have been separated from endophytic fungi recently [9,10].Plant signaling compounds, also called phytohormones, regulate plant responses to environmental change as well as control plant growth and development [11]. Notably, recent studies have reported that certain endophytes encourage host plant growth through the synthesis of phytohormones, for example, gibberellins (GAs), cytokinins, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) [12][13][14]. Indeed, endophytic fungi promote plant growth by secreting gibberellins in the rhizosphere of their hosts, which leads to an increase in plant biomass production as well as disease resistance. Apart from this, some endophytic fungi secrete both IAA and GAs into culture media [15]. This research surveys both distribution and diversity of fungal endophytes in a certain coastal region of Korea. We have investigated fungal isolates' capacity to encourage growth of Waito-C rice seedlings and have identified whether secondary metabolites like gibberellins were seen in fungal culture filtrates.The diversity and plant growth-promoting ability of fungal endophytes that are associated with five halophytic plant species (Phragmites australis, Suaeda australis, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda glauca Bunge, and Suaeda maritima) growing in the Buan salt marsh on the west coast of South Korea have been e...
IntroductionTricholoma matsutake, found in the Korean peninsula, Japan and China, have been regarded as precious food for a long time. Nowadays, it is famous symbol viand in Korea and Japan. T. matsutake is high-value food because not only its taste and smell but also its notoriously difficulty of artificial cultivation. The fruiting body of T. matsutake is formed by the complex interaction of several ecological factors in specific forest of Pinus densiflora [11,21]. Unfortunately, the occurrence of T. matsutake fruiting body in nature is steadily decreasing and the demand for the artificial cultivation of T. matsutake is rising. In 1983, Hiroshima Forestry Examination Center had succeeded in the artificial cultivation but failed to preserving this cultivating artifact. Since 1983, lots of studies have been reported and recently the National Forest Research Institute, Korea and Taki Chemical Industry, Japan had succeeded the artificial cultivation of T. matsutake in 2010 and 2018, respectively [17,20]. But most of studies had failed to maintain the cultivation and little is known about its artificial cultivation [23,31]. Moreover, transplantation of P. densiflora trees infected with T. matsutake attempted by Japan and Korea had failed to yield the mushroom with a meaningful number [12,16]. The genomic study of T. matsutake was carried out by Dr Min's research group in January 2020 [28]. Thus, in this study, not artificial cultivation but rather production of the T. matsutake flavor is the focus of this study. We expect the outcome of our work to help producing the (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol at a low
In their natural state, most plants are colonized by endophytes that can form interactions with their host. This can improve the tolerance to environmental stresses, thus improving the ecological adaptability of host plants. Symbiotic microorganisms such as endophytes are known to play an important role in the regulation of host plant growth and development processes. Stimulation of plant growth by endogenous fungi is due in part to the production of plant hormones such as gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acids, cytokinins, auxins, and other plant growth-promoting substances. Phytohormones may also confer fitness benefits to host plants, including tolerance to herbivores, salinity, diseases, heat, and drought, and may also increase shoot and root biomass [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Recent studies revealed that symbiotic fungi play a critical role in host plant survival [7,8].Gibberella intermedia is a well-known fungus isolated from plants and soil and found as a pathogen in many plants worldwide. Mycotoxins, including fusaproliferin, beauvericin, moniliformin, and fumonisin, may also be secreted by strains of G. intermedia [9]. Within the same genus, G. fujikuroi can produce gibberellins, a group of diterpenoid plant hormones that were first detected in the 1930s in a culture filtrate from this fungus. Gibberellins affect plant growth in a variety of ways, including stem growth, germination, flowering, sexual expression, dormancy, enzyme induction, and leaf-and-fruit aging. Recently, more than 136 gibberellins isolated from bacteria, fungi, and plants have been identified. Fungal strains Penicillium citrinum LWL4, Aspergillus terreus LWL5, Paecilomyces formosus LHL10, and Sphaceloma manihoticola have been reported to produce gibberellin [10][11][12].Recently, interest in the destruction of natural ecosystems, especially salt marshes, has been increasing. To restore the damaged salt marshes, greening marshes by promoting the growth of native plants is essential. In this process, endophytic fungi are the key to restoration. The aims of this study were to: a) survey the distribution and diversity of endophytic fungi from a specific region of Korea, b) assess the ability of the fungal isolates to promote growth of Waito-C rice germinals, and c) to determine whether secondary metabolites, such as gibberellins, are present in fungal culture filtrates. Suaeda australis, Phragmites australis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda glauca Bunge, andLimonium tetragonum in the Seocheon salt marsh on the west coast of the Korean Penincula were sampled in order to identify the endophytes inhabiting the roots. A total of 128 endophytic fungal isolates belonging to 31 different genera were identified using the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. Fusarium, Paraconiothyrium and Alternaria were the most commonly isolated genera in the plant root samples. Various diversity indicators were used to assess the diversity of the isolated fungi. Pure cultures containing each of the 128 endophytic fungi, respectively, ...
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