The Taihu Basin is home to some of the most economically active and populous cities in China, including Shanghai. The Basin lies in the coastal delta of the Yangtze River and is defended from frequent flooding by a complex system of flood control infrastructure (including dikes, numerous large sluice gates and pumping stations). Flood risk in the Basin is closely related to the reliability of the flood defences. The information available to support system reliability analysis is however limited. A simplified defence classification and reliability analysis has therefore been adopted in which the behaviour of defence subsystems (dike rings) are presented through a single representative fragility curve. A combination of expert judgement and available quantified data is used to support the analysis. The approach is found to be informative within the context of (i) a broad scale flood risk analysis, (ii) an exploration of longer term management policies and (iii) targeting more detailed analysis and data collection required to support specific management choices.Various methods exist to estimate flood defence reliability (CUR/TAW, 1990;Dawson and Hall, 2006;Sayers et al., 2010). The probability of failure of a flood defence system at bs_bs_banner
In this paper, nickel oxide films were deposited on ITO-coated glass substrates by DC magnetron sputtering at different pressures(1.2Pa~3.0Pa). The effects of sputtering pressure on microstructure and electrochromic properties of nickel oxide films were investigated. The film thickness was measured by a surface profilometer. The crystal structure and surface morphology of the films were observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochromic properties of the films were studied by combining UV-visible spectrophotometer with electrochemical workstation. The results showed that the nickel oxide film obtained the best surface morphology (uniform grain size and the fewer surface cracks) and outstanding electrochromic performances, including large transmittance modulation (ΔT=57.19%), high coloration efficiency (CE=33.59cm2C-1) and fast switching speed (tc=4.63s, tb=4.87s) at a wavelength of 550 nm when the sputtering pressure was 2.4 Pa. And after 500 electrochemical cycles, the transmittance modulation could continue to increase to 61.49% and the coloration efficiency can still be maintained at about 28.21cm2C-1, which showed excellent cycling durability.
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