Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) is a safe and noninvasive intervention that has shown promise for improving cognitive performance. Whether tPBM can modulate brain activity and thereby enhance working memory (WM) capacity in humans remains unclear. In this study, we found that 1064-nm tPBM applied to the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) improves visual working memory capacity and increases occipitoparietal contralateral delay activity (CDA). The CDA set-size effect during retention mediated the effect between the 1064-nm tPBM and subsequent WM capacity. The behavioral benefits and the corresponding changes in the CDA set-size effect were absent with tPBM at a wavelength of 852 nm or with stimulation of the left PFC. Our findings provide converging evidence that 1064-nm tPBM applied to the right PFC can improve WM capacity.

By converting the triangular functions in the integration kernel of the fractional Fourier transformation to the hyperbolic function, i.e., tan α → tanh α, sin α → sinh α, we find the quantum mechanical fractional squeezing transformation (FrST) which satisfies additivity. By virtue of the integration technique within the ordered product of operators (IWOP) we derive the unitary operator responsible for the FrST, which is composite and is made of e iπa † a/2 and exp iα 2 a 2 + a †2 . The FrST may be implemented in combinations of quadratic nonlinear crystals with different phase mismatches.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in school‐age children. Attentional orientation is a potential clinical diagnostic marker to aid in the early diagnosis of ADHD. However, the underlying pathophysiological substrates of impaired attentional orienting in childhood ADHD remain unclear. Electroencephalography (EEG) was measured in 135 school‐age children (70 with childhood ADHD and 65 matched typically developing children) to directly investigate target localization during spatial selective attention through univariate ERP analysis and information‐based multivariate pattern machine learning analysis. Compared with children with typical development, a smaller N2pc was found in the ADHD group through univariate ERP analysis. Children with ADHD showed a lower parieto‐occipital multivariate decoding accuracy approximately 240–340 ms after visual search onset, which predicts a slower reaction time and larger standard deviation of reaction time. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between N2pc and decoding accuracy in typically developing children but not in children with ADHD. These observations reveal that impaired attentional orienting in ADHD may be due to inefficient neural encoding responses. By using a personalized information‐based multivariate machine learning approach, we have advanced the understanding of cognitive deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Our study provides potential research directions for the early diagnosis and optimization of personalized intervention in children with ADHD.