Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been detected in various water bodies and caused harm to aquatic organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and mechanism associated with autophagy and oxidative stress after exposure to PFOA (0, 1, 10, 100 μg/L) for 12 h on lymphocytes, which was isolated from the head kidney of Carassius auratus (C. auratus). Both of autophagy formation, cell activity, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured. The relative expression of partial autophagy-related genes autophagy related 5 (Atg 5), autophagy related 7 (Atg 7), and Beclin 1 were also cloned and detected. Homologous relationships analysis showed high identities of genes in C. auratus and other fish by blast. C. auratus lymphocytes growth inhibition rates was increased induced by PFOA. Compared with the control group, the ROS generation and the MDA content were significantly increased in all of the PFOA-treated group. Besides, decreased SOD activity and decrease of GSH activity induced by PFOA further confirmed the occurrence of oxidative stress. The number of autophagosome formations was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, Atg 7 and Beclin 1 mRNA expression was elevated significantly after PFOA exposed, showing a time-dependent manner, while mRNA expression of Atg 5 was increased remarkably in 100 μg/L PFOA-treated group. Our results indicated that PFOA caused oxidative damage to lymphocytes in C. auratus and caused various autophagy signaling pathway-associated genes imbalances in the lymphocytes. Autophagy signaling pathway-associated genes imbalance could weaken antioxidant capacity and involve in the mechanism of C. auratus lymphocytes oxidative injury caused by PFOA.
Many factors, such as soil, climate, and water source in the planting area, can affect rice taste and quality. Adulterated rice is common in the market, which seriously damages the production and sales of high-quality rice. Traceability analysis of rice has become one of the important research fields of food safety management. In this study, LC–MS-based non-targeted metabolomics technology was used to trace four rice samples from Heilongjiang and Jiangsu Provinces, namely, Daohuaxiang (DH), Huaidao No. 5 (HD), Songjing (SJ), and Changlixiang (CL). Results showed that the discrimination accuracy of the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was as high as 100% with satisfactory prediction ability. A total of 328 differential metabolites were screened, indicating significant differences in rice metabolites from different origins. Pathway enrichment analysis was carried out on the four rice samples based on the KEGG database to determine the three metabolic pathways with the highest enrichment degree. The main biochemical metabolic pathways and signal transduction pathways involved in differential metabolites in rice were obtained. This study provides theoretical support for the geographical origins of rice and elucidates the change mechanism of rice metabolic pathways, which can shed light on improving rice quality control.
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