The major immediate early (MIE) gene of cytomegalovirus plays a key role in determining the activation and replication of cytomegalovirus, which represents the most important event signaling the onset of virus-induced disease relapse. The viral-encoded chemokine receptor homolog US28 can constitutively activate many cellular transcription factors, which can bind to the promoter/enhancer of the MIE gene and activate its transcription. Using reporter gene assays in HEK293 cells, we found that US28 enhanced the transcription efficiency of MIE and other genes via cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Inhibition of CREB partially blocked the effect of US28, whereas forskolin enhanced this effect. There was a direct correlation between CREB and transcription of MIE gene. These data, together with the broad-spectrum effect of cellular transcription factors, suggest that US28 may be involved in the very early transcription of the host cell during virus activation.
Protein microarray has progressed rapidly in the past few years, but it is still hard to popularize it in many developing countries or small hospitals owing to the technical expertise required in practice. We developed a cheap and easy-to-use protein microarray based on dot immunogold filtration assay for parallel analysis of ToRCH-related antibodies including Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 in sera of pregnant women. It does not require any expensive instruments and the assay results can be clearly recognized by the naked eye. We analyzed 186 random sera of outpatients at the gynecological department with our microarray and commercial ELISA kit, and the results showed there was no significant difference between the two detection methods. Validated by clinical application, the microarray is easy to use and has a unique advantage in cost and time. It is more suitable for mass prenatal screening or epidemiological screening than the ELISA format.
IntroductionHeat-related illnesses can lead to morbidity, which are anticipated to increase frequency with predictions of increased global surface temperatures and extreme weather events. Although heat acclimation training (HAT) could prevent heat-related diseases, the mechanisms underlying HAT-promoting beneficial changes in organ function, immunity, and gut microbes remain unclear.MethodsIn the current study, we recruited 32 healthy young soldiers and randomly divided them into 4 teams to conduct HATs for 10 days: the equipment-assisted training team at high temperature (HE); the equipment-assisted training team under normal hot weather (NE); the high-intensity interval training team at high temperature (HIIT), and the control team without training. A standard heat tolerance test (HTT) was conducted before (HTT-1st) and after (HTT-2nd) the training to judge whether the participants met the heat acclimation (HA) criteria.ResultsWe found that the participants in both HE and NE teams had significantly higher acclimation rates (HA/total population) than whom in the HIIT team. The effects of HAT on the participants of the HE team outperformed that of the NE team. In the HA group, the differences of physiological indicators and plasma organ damage biomarkers (ALT, ALP, creatinine, LDH, α-HBDH and cholinesterase) before and after HTT-2nd were significantly reduced to those during HTT-1st, but the differences of immune factors (IL-10, IL-6, CXCL2, CCL4, CCL5, and CCL11) elevated. The composition, metabolism, and pathogenicity of gut microbes changed significantly, with a decreased proportion of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella and Lactococcus) and increased probiotics (Dorea, Blautia, and Lactobacillus) in the HA group. Training for a longer time in a high temperature and humidity showed beneficial effects for intestinal probiotics.ConclusionThese findings revealed that pathogenic gut bacteria decrease while probiotics increase following HA, with elevated immune factors and reduced organ damage during heat stress, thereby improving the body’s heat adaption.
RATIONALE: Previously we have shown increased A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL) and B-cell Activation Factor (BAFF) concentrations in colostrum are associated with protection against allergic disease. APRIL and BAFF, together with IL-10 and TGFb, are known to induce T-cell independent (TI) IgA class switch recombination (CSR) in Bcells. Our goal was to assess whether human milk containing these cytokines, would induce CSR in cord blood B-cells. METHODS: B-cells were isolated from cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) by IgD selection and were then cultured for 3-7 days with treatments: culture medium containing human milk or combination of APRIL and TGFb1. Cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry for detection of IgA1 and IgA2 positive B-cells. RESULTS: B-cell CSR assay protocols were established. IgA B-cells were readily detectable following the assay protocol, using APRIL and TGFb1 stimulation as positive controls. Using the protocol we noted a robust IgA class switching following stimulation using sterile filtered human milk. CONCLUSIONS: We have established a protocol that will allow more detailed assessment of several cytokines in human milk class switch recombination. Future experiments will characterize in detail which cytokines affect CSR and IgA production to elicit the role of human milk in protection against onset of allergic disease.
Hypoxia and PPB have a synergistic negative effect on both the cardiovascular system and SFT performance. PPB with low oxygen was more appropriate at ground level to investigate physiological responses during PPB and evaluate the protective performance of garments. Liu X, Xiao H, Shi W, Wen D, Yu L, Chen J. Physiological effects of positive pressure breathing with pure oxygen and a low oxygen gas mixture.
No abstract
Background: This study explores the responses of the cardiovascular system as humans exercise in an oxygen-enriched room at high altitude under various concentrations of CO2. Methods: The study utilized a hypobaric chamber set to the following specifications: 3800 m altitude with 25% O2 and different CO2 concentrations of 0.5% (C1), 3.0% (C2) and 5.0% (C3). Subjects exercised for 3 min three times, separated by 30 min resting periods in the above-mentioned conditions, at sea level (SL) and at 3800 m altitude (HA). The changes of heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure were analyzed. Results: Total power (TP) and high frequency power (HF) decreased notably during post-exercise at HA. HF increased prominently earlier the post-exercise period at 3800 m altitude with 25% O2 and 5.0% CO2 (C3), while low frequency power (LF) changed barely in all tests. The ratios of LF/HF were significantly higher during post-exercise in HA, and lower after high intensity exercise in C3. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased significantly in HA and C3. Conclusions: Parasympathetic activity dominated in cardiac autonomic modulation, and heart rate and blood pressure increased significantly after high intensity exercise in C3.
INTRODUCTION: We compared the physiological responses, psychomotor performances, and hypoxia symptoms between 7000 m and 7500 m (23,000 and 24,600 ft) exposure to develop a safer hypoxia training protocol.METHODS: In altitude chamber, 66 male pilots were exposed to 7000 and 7500 m. Heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation were continuously monitored. Psychomotor performance was assessed using the computational task. The hypoxic symptoms were investigated by a questionnaire.RESULTS: The mean duration time of hypoxia was 323.0 56.5 s at 7000 m and 218.2 63.3 s at 7500 m. The 6-min hypoxia training was completed by 57.6% of the pilots and 6.1% of the pilots at 7000 m and at 7500 m, respectively. There were no significant differences in pilots heart rates and psychomotor performance between the two exposures. The Spo2 response at 7500 m was slightly severer than that at 7000 m. During the 7000 m exposure, pilots experienced almost the same symptoms and similar frequency order as those during the 7500 m exposure.CONCLUSIONS: There were concordant symptoms, psychomotor performance, and very similar physiological responses between 7000 m and 7500 m during hypoxia training. The results indicated that 7000-m hypoxia awareness training might be an alternative to 7500-m hypoxia training with lower DCS risk and longer experience time.Wen D, Tu L, Wang G, Gu Z, Shi W, Liu X. Psychophysiological responses of pilots in hypoxia training at 7000 and 7500 m. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(10):785789.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.