Environmental concerns make enterprises pay more attention to green manufacturing. The emerging green supply chain inevitably will compete with the traditional supply chain. In order to evaluate the competitiveness of supply chains and the impact on channel structure strategy, we develop four game models for two competing supply chains according to their channel structure strategies. Green marginal manufacturing cost, demand sensitivity of green level, and governmental interventions are considered. We study how retail prices, green levels, and profits are influenced by channel structure choice and governmental interventions. Analytical results indicate that the substitutability of products affects channel structure strategy. When the substitutability of products is relatively low, centralization-centralization is the unique Nash equilibrium. However, when the substitutability of products is relatively high, both centralization-centralization and decentralization-decentralization are the Nash equilibriums. Centralization-centralization is a prisoner dilemma, while decentralization-decentralization can make the green supply chain achieve optimal profit. Then, the green marginal manufacturing cost and demand sensitivities of the green level play important but different roles in channel structure strategy of the competing supply chains. Further, whether Nash equilibriums are the optimal strategy depends on governmental intervention. Relatively severe governmental intervention might realize a relatively higher green level, but may not always achieve the lowest retail price for the green supply chain. However, a relatively moderate governmental intervention might achieve a relatively lower green level.
In this paper, we consider the periodic review joint replenishment problem under the class of cyclic policies. For each item, the demand in the protection interval is assumed stochastic. Moreover, a fraction of shortage is lost, while the other quota is backordered. We suppose that lead times and minor ordering costs are controllable. The problem concerns determining the cyclic replenishment policy, the lead times, and the minor ordering costs in order to minimize the long‐run expected total cost per time unit. We established several properties of the cost function, which permit us to derive a heuristic algorithm. A lower bound on the minimum cost is obtained, which helps us to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic. The heuristic is also compared with a hybrid genetic algorithm that is specifically developed for benchmarking purposes. Numerical experiments have been carried out to investigate the performance of the heuristic.
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