The palynological and physico-chemical characterization of honey was investigated in the SudanoGuinean zone of Cameroon through the melissopalynology analysis. Results showed that honey with the dark amber color was the most represented. Sweet honey with less odour considered as pleasant highly predominate. The pH of honey is low and varies from 3.95 to 5.00; this ranking confirms the hypothesis that honey is from plant through visit of honeybees. The sugar content is very high ranging from 77.93% to 83.13%; the mean value is 78.90% and this value confirms that the honey is floral honey. The density value ranges from 1.39 to 1.43 and does not exceed the average standard (1.39 to 1.44 at 20˚C). Water contents correspond to the standards norms. For free acidity, the highest value is 48.68 ± 0.28. There is a low positive correlation (r = 0.2) between free acidity and the pH of honey. Pollen analysis of honeys led to the identification of 41 pollen species belonging to 25 families. The highly represented families are Asteraceae and Myrtaceae. Two thirds of honey is monofloral and characteristics of three dominant species: Nymphaea maculata, Terminalia avicennioides and Syzygium guineense. The pollens of Syzygium guineense are present in all honey samples analysed.
The flowering plants have special modifications to attract bees, and these are known as adaptations. These adaptations lead to mutualism between Hymenoptera (bee and Wasps) and angiosperms (USDA, 2010).In most ecosystems, bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are the primary pollinators of flowering plants (Ajao et al., 2018). The honeybee plants are plant species on which the bee takes substances, including nectar, pollen and resin to feed and to develop its various products such as honey, bee bread, bee venom, bee pollen, propolis, and royal jelly (Visweswara et al. 2017; It is well known that the products of the hive reflect in quantity and quality the nature of the pollinated plants (Lafleche, 1981). In other words, the bee colony efficiency and its development as well as production of honey, beeswax and other bee products depend on quality and quantity of pollen and nectar obtained from bee forage plants (Brodschneider et al., 2010).Bee plants form part of vegetal resources with multiple virtues that has to be protected and they are playing a great role in the dynamics of ecosystems through pollinating insects (Bradbear, 2011). The knowledge of honeybee's plants for any specific area is important in guiding prospective beekeepers and in the identification of crops that may benefit from pollination by honeybees (Dukku 2013). Such knowledge on the bee flora helps in the effective management of bee colonies during the honey flow period and dearth period (Bhalchandra Waykar and Baviskar, 2015). Many works considering the identification of bee flora have been performed in Africa :
Aims: Sorghum is a staple food crop and accounts for more than half of cereal production in the Far North region. It is ranked among the seven most important agricultural products in the CEMAC zone. Approximately 12% of this dry season sorghum, known as transplanted sorghum, is used extensively in the population's diet. Study Design: The study conducted from 2017 to 2019 aims to assess the adopted techniques for better exploitation of Muskuwaari in the Far North region of Cameroon in a context where climate change has a strong influence on agricultural yield. Methodology: The evaluation of Muskuwaari cultivation techniques is based on farmer surveys and direct field observations. A total of 390 people were surveyed in six different villages in the two regions. Results: Cultivation lasts from July to April, for a period of 10 months. Several activities were identified: primary preparation of the field from July to August, setting up nurseries from August (This activity is poorly represented in Kalfou (16.92% on both types of soil) and in Kaélé (18.46% on clay soil and 13.85% on hydromorphic soil), preparation of the field from September (The most common techniques used today are spraying and transplanting (Technique 6): 34.92% in Guidiguis, 52.31% in Touloum, 50.77% in Kaélé, 62.50% in Kalfou, 35.38% in Doukoula, 55.38% in Tchatibali on average for the clay type soil and 40,63% in Guidiguis, 47.69% in Touloum, 56.92% in Kaélé, 52.46% in Kalfou, 47.62% in Doukoula, 46.77% in Tchatibali on average for the hydromorphic type soil), transplanting from September, weeding from November and harvesting from January. These activities vary according to the type of soil used and the villages. Conclusion: The analysis of these Muskuwaari cultivation techniques showed a slight shift in relation to the cultivation calendar described in the past by other authors. This shift is caused by the change in climate that shortens and/or extends the rainy season from one year to the next.
Le gombo, Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench. (Malvaceae) est une plante annuelle et maraichère très importante, consommée comme légume et cultivée en zones tropicales et méditerranéennes. Le fruit de cette Malvaceae présente une grande variabilité morphologique et phénologique, sa floraison est continue mais très dépendante des stress biotiques et abiotiques. La présente étude a été menée afin de comprendre l'influence de deux modes de fertilisation et du stress (adventices) sur la phénologie, l'entomofaune et le rendement de A. esculentus dans la région de l'Adamaoua-Cameroun. Les travaux ont été effectués pendant la saison de pluie en 2016 et 2017 sur une superficie de 400 m2 à Ngaoundéré. Trois itinéraires techniques ont été exécutés : stress (absence de fertilisation et d'entretien des cultures) ; fertilisation chimique et entretien par sarclage régulier et fertilisation au compost avec entretien par sarclage régulier. Les observations ont été faites de mois de Mai à Aout. Les plants ayant reçu un apport en compost avaient plus de feuilles (15,45 ± 0,35), une surface foliaire plus importante (10,51±0,12), des tiges plus longues (27,82±0,89) avec plus de noeuds (10,51±0,2), un diamètre de tige plus grand (2,53±0,04), un nombre de fleurs plus élevé (7,98), des pièces florales plus longues (6,8± 0,45) et un rendement en graines important (61,85±13,81). En ce qui concerne l'entomofaune, onze familles ont été identifiées au total sur la culture du gombo ; six contenant les insectes floricoles et les cinq autres les insectes ravageurs. Les fleurs des plants traités au compost ont reçu plus de visites d'insectes floricoles. Les feuilles des plants traités au compost étaient les plus endommagés par les insectes ravageurs. Le traitement au compost favorise le développement végétatif, le développement des pièces florales ainsi que le rendement en graines et en fruits du gombo ; cependant, les plants y attirent plus d'insectes ravageurs.
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