Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) breaks the optical diffraction limit by illuminating a sample with a series of line-patterned light. Recently, in order to alleviate the requirement of precise knowledge of illumination patterns, structured illumination microscopy techniques using speckle patterns have been proposed. However, these methods require stringent assumptions of the speckle statistics: for example, speckle patterns should be nearly incoherent or their temporal average should be roughly homogeneous. Here, we present a novel speckle illumination microscopy technique that overcomes the diffraction limit by exploiting the minimal requirement that is common for all the existing super-resolution microscopy, i.e. that the fluorophore locations do not vary during the acquisition time. Using numerical and real experiments, we demonstrate that the proposed method can improve the resolution up to threefold. Because our proposed method succeeds for standard fluorescence probes and experimental protocols, it can be applied in routine biological experiments.

Increased demand for compact devices leads to rapid development of miniaturized digital cameras. However, conventional camera modules contain multiple lenses along the optical axis to compensate for optical aberrations that introduce technical challenges in reducing the total thickness of the camera module. Here, we report an ultrathin digital camera inspired by the vision principle of Xenos peckii, an endoparasite of paper wasps. The male Xenos peckii has an unusual visual system that exhibits distinct benefits for high resolution and high sensitivity, unlike the compound eyes found in most insects and some crustaceans. The biologically inspired camera features a sandwiched configuration of concave microprisms, microlenses, and pinhole arrays on a flat image sensor. The camera shows a field-of-view (FOV) of 68 degrees with a diameter of 3.4 mm and a total track length of 1.4 mm. The biologically inspired camera offers a new opportunity for developing ultrathin cameras in medical, industrial, and military fields.

Ten different anatomical structures of compound eyes are provided by nature for arthropod vision. All the vision schemes are not well understood to be used for inspiration in engineering applications. This method demonstrates the planar emulation of the optical schemes and their functions for two representative types of the simple apposition and the reflecting superposition by using planar micro‐optics. This new paradigm can discover nature's beautiful designs and also step up engineering bio‐inspiration from natural compound eyes.

We investigated the degradation characteristics of AlGaN/GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor high electron mobility transistors (MISHEMTs) and Schottky HEMTs induced by proton irradiation at energy levels of 1, 1.5, and 2 MeV, with a total fluence of 5 × 10 14 cm −2 . Irradiated devices exhibited degradation characteristics of positive threshold voltage (V th ) shift and drain current (I D ) reduction, which increased as the proton energies decreased. Hall pattern measurement revealed that the Hall mobility (μ), sheet carrier concentration (n sh ), and sheet resistance (R sh ) of the electron channel were also degraded after proton irradiation (showing the same energy dependence). This effect can be attributed to the energy-dependent energy loss of protons penetrating the semiconductor material. Protons with lower irradiation energy can degrade the device characteristics more severely because of the larger amount of nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) in the active region, in which a two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) is formed as compared to higher irradiation energies where the energy loss is primarily in the bulk substrate. The capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements indicated significant degradation of the insulator interface for 1-MeV irradiation.

No abstract