The impact of non-face-to-face contact following the COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a social problem and has increased the amount of wastepaper, mainly in home delivery boxes. The appropriate recycling of paper waste is an area where sustainable growth is required in terms of the net environment system and carbon neutrality practice. Therefore, in this study, a specimen of building finishing material using wastepaper was produced using a custom-made large wet cellulose (LWC) 3D printer, and the site applicability of the fire performance was evaluated. The specimen of the building finish material was a mixture of wastepaper and ceramic binder, and the molding of the specimen was uniformly produced by a cylinder injection-type LWC 3D printer. The production reliability of the 3D printer was analyzed by measuring the mass and density of the specimen. The uniformity of the mass and density of the manufactured building finishes were confirmed to have standard deviations of ± 0.05 g and ± 0.01 g/cm3, respectively. The uniformity of the fire performance of specimens was confirmed by checking the relative standard deviation (RSD) value of ± 3% under the same ceramic addition conditions from ISO 5660-1. Through the mass and density analysis and fire performance analysis of the building finishing materials, it was confirmed that the same mass, density, and fire performance can be produced simultaneously, and manufacturing using LWC 3D printers has been confirmed to be effective in developing uniform semi-non-combustible and retardant building materials.
Buildings in modern society tend to gradually expand in size due to technological development and overcrowding, which increases the risk of fire. Therefore, continuous efforts are being made to ensure the evacuation safety of occupants by installing firefighting facilities and using flame retardant building finishing materials. This study aims to present a fire performance evaluation plan for building finishing materials using simulations and identify risks that arise from not using flame retardant building finishing materials in medical facilities with vulnerable occupants. A control group for fire performance evaluation was selected using polyurethane foam, while two types of cellulose-based building finishing materials with different flame retardants were chosen for analysis. The cellulose-based finishing materials included expanded graphite, magnesium hydroxide, montmorillonite, and ammonium polyphosphate. Fire performance was evaluated using FDS and path detector simulations based on NES 713 and ISO 5660-1. The results of the study showed that there was a difference of three people in the prediction of the number of deaths depending on the scope of analysis, and it was confirmed that the toxic gas detected was different depending on the added flame retardant. Additionally, construction finishing materials with flame retardant performance increased ASET by at least 130 s compared to polyurethane foam, and the evacuation safety exceeded 1, confirming the effectiveness of securing evacuation stability for occupants.
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